PAC Workbook 2 Chart 3

Question 1

What are some potential causes of a central HS?

Answer 1

RF valgus, FF varus, PTTD, genu varum, pain avoidance (lateral heel injury), glute weakness causing femoral internal rotation)

Question 2

What are some potential causes of an excessively lateral HS?

Answer 2

RF varus, FF valgus, rigid PF 1st ray, genu/tibial varum

Question 3

What are some abnormal gait patterns we may see with heel strike?

Answer 3

Low HS, central/medial HS, flat foot (FF and RF contact simultaneously), forefoot contact

Question 4

What could be some potential causes of a flat foot contact?

Answer 4

Shuffling gait, limited ankle dorsiflexion, pain avoidance, excessive knee flexion, pes equinus

Question 5

What could be some causes of a forefoot contact HS?

Answer 5

Pain avoidance at the heel, pes equinus (tight plantar flexors), knee injury or lack of knee extension, nerve injury to anterior lower limb, compartment syndrome, LLD (short leg compensating)

Question 6

What are some potential causes of excessive pronation during the loading response?

Answer 6

FF varus/supinatus, RF varus or valgus, pes equinus, PTTD, flexible PF 1st ray, long limb in LLD

Question 7

What are some potential abnormal gait patterns we may see at the loading response phase?

Answer 7

Excessive/under pronation, supination, foot slap

Question 8

What are some causes of a lack of pronation during loading response?

Answer 8

Rigid PF 1st ray, FF valgus, RF varus, short limb in LLD, rigid pes cavus foot, fused ankle

Question 9

What could cause supination during the loading response?

Answer 9

Rigid PF 1st ray, rigid FF valgus, talipes equinovarus, CMT, short limb in LLD, rigid pes cavus

Question 10

What could cause a foot slap during loading response?

Answer 10

Weak ankle dorsiflexors (nerve injury, compartment syndrome), CMT, neurological disorders (CP, MS)

Question 11

What are the main gait abnormalities we could see during midstance?

Answer 11

Excessive/under pronation, supination

Question 12

What could cause excessive pronation during midstance?

Answer 12

PTTD, FF varus, RF varus or valgus, pes equinus, lack of hip internal or external rotation, genu recurvatum

Question 13

What are some potential abnormal gait patterns we may see at the loading response phase?

Answer 13

Excessive/under pronation, supination, foot slap

Question 14

What could cause a lack of pronation or supination during midstance?

Answer 14

Rigid PF 1st ray, rigid FF valgus, RF varus (flexible), short limb in LLD

Question 14

What are some gait abnormalities seen during heel lift?

Answer 14

Early, delayed/absent, prolonged pronation, abductory twist, supination

Question 15

What could cause an early heel lift?

Answer 15

Pes equinus, tight plantar flexors/ limited ankle DF, PTTD, lack of hip extension or flexion

Question 16

What could cause a delayed heel lift?

Answer 16

Pain avoidance in FF, excessive dorsiflexion (rare), shuffle gait, genu recurvatum

Question 16

What can cause an abductory twist at heel lift?

Answer 16

Tight plantar flexors, FF varus, FHL, hallux limitus or rigidus

Question 16

What are some gait abnormalities seen at toe off/propulsion?

Answer 16

Medial, 1st/2nd MT head, low gear, apropulsive or pick-up

Question 17

What can cause a medial toe off?

Answer 17

Tight plantar flexors causing abductory twist, hallux limitus/rigidus, FF varus, PTTD, hypermobile 1st ray

Question 18

What can cause an apropulsive toe off?

Answer 18

Pain avoidance in forefoot, knee injury causing lack of extension, shuffle gait

Question 19

What are some gait abnormalities seen at swing phase?

Answer 19

Abducted, pronated, vaulting, trendelenburg, shuffle, low clearance, circumduction

Question 20

What can cause a low gear toe off?

Answer 20

Hallux limitus/rigidus, weakness of the peroneus longus, excessive resupination, pain avoidance at big toe

Question 20

What is a shuffle gait and what can cause it?

Answer 20

Knee and hip flexion, short stride, slow gait, forward trunk lean. Often caused by instability, lower limb injuries causing pain avoidance, neurological conditions like parkinsons

Question 20

What can cause a vaulting gait during swing phase?

Answer 20

Short leg of an LLD, early heel lift on one side only, excessive knee extension or hyperextension, lack of hip flexion on one side

Question 20

What can cause a low clearance gait during swing?

Answer 20

Lack of ankle DF, weakness of the ankle DF’s, lack of hip or knee flexion, excessively clawed digits