PA and OA set Flashcards
Organization of data for the purpose of producing desired information involves:
recording, classifying, sorting, summarizing, calculating, disseminating and storing data.
Data Processing
____ is the the result of processing raw facts to reveal its meaning.
Data
______ is the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts.
information
_____ is the body of information and facts about a specific subject.
knowledge
Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to _____.
good decision making
_____ serve as the intermediary between the user and the database.
Database Management System
The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a _____.
collection of files
A desktop database is a _____ database.
single-user
To reveal meaning, information requires _____.
context
Raw data must be properly _____ for storage, processing and presentation.
formatted
_____ describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database.
Metadata
Where end-user data are integrated and managed.
- The _____ itself is stored as a collection of files
- The only way to access the data in those files is through the DBMS.
database structure
_____ receive all application requests and translate them into the complex operations required to fulfill those requests.
database programming languages
One disadvantage of the DBMS is that it increases the risk of data _____.
security breaches
A _____ can store data derived from many sources.
data warehouse
- database is designed for transactional processing, while
- A data warehouse is optimized for analytical processing of data from multiple sources.
_____ is raw facts of interest to the end user.
end-user data
______ provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database.
Metadata
Where end-user data are integrated and managed.
- _____ exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places
- In essence, ________ is a consequence of poorly managed data redundancy.
data inconsistency
Say a customer’s address is stored in both:
- the customer relationship management (CRM) system
- marketing database
inconsistencies can arise if the address is updated in one system but not the other
The response of the DBMS to a query is the _____.
query result set
A(n) ______ database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments.
enterprise
Workgroup databases are designed for smaller teams or departments, while enterprise databases support larger organizations with many users and departments.
A(n) _____ database supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or a specific department within an organization.
workgroup
- Workgroup databases are designed for smaller teams or departments, while
- Enterprise databases support larger organizations with many users and departments.
A workgroup database is a(n) _____ database.
multi-user
Data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the_____.
operational databases
_____ data exist in the format in which they were collected.
unstructured
as is
_____ data exist in a format that does not lend itself to processing that yields information.
unstructured
This type of data isn’t organized in a predefined manner (like rows and columns in a spreadsheet), making it harder to analyze and extract meaningful information.
____ data are the result of formatting disorganized data in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information.
structured
Most data that can be encountered are best classified as _____.
semistructured
An XML database supports the storage and management of _____ XML data.
semistructured
_____ is data about data through which the end-user data are integrated and managed.
Metadata
Where end-user data are integrated and managed.
An _____ query is a spur-of-the-moment question.
ad-hoc
_____ is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format.
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
_____ databases focus primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions.
Analytical
A _____ is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.
database management system
A(n) _____ might be written by a programmer or it might be created through a DBMS utility program.
application
A _____ is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation.
query
Rows and fields are both essential parts of a table, but what’s the difference between the two?
- A row is the complete package of information
- A field is just one piece of that package.
_____ enhance the user’s ability to understand the data.
spreadsheet applications
A _____ is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.
record
A field is a single piece of information within that record.
A _____ is a collection of related records.
file
A _____ is a character or group of characters that has a specific meaning.
field
The organization of data within folders in a manual file system is determined by _____.
expected use
_____ a specific deviation from the expected pattern in a data set. It can be a signal of errors, inconsistencies, or even fraudulent activity.
Data anomaly
_____ is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions.
data integrity
_____ reflects a situation where the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places.
data redundancy
A(n) _____ develops when all required changes in the redundant data are not made successfully.
data anomaly
_____ exists when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places.
Data redundancy
_____ exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.
Data inconsistency
- Inconsistency: Different versions of the same data exist.
- Redundancy: Same data stored in multiple places.
- Isolated data pockets within an organization.
- They lack connections to other data sources, hindering comprehensive analysis and decision-making.
islands of information
Data is said to be _____ if the data always yields consistent results.
verifiable
_____ refer to a type of database that stores most of its data in RAM rather than in hard disks.
in-memory databases
The term _____ refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment.
database system
_____ relates to the activities that make the database execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.
performance tuning
_____ relates to activities that make a database operate more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.
performance tuning
The DBMS uses the _____ to look up the required data component structures and relationships
- relieving programmers from having to code such complex relationships in each program.
data dictionary
A _____ contains at least all of the attribute names and characteristics for each table in the system.
- relieves programmers from having to code complex relationships in each program.
data dictionary
The practical significance of taking the _____ is that it serves as a reminder of the simple file concept of data storage.
logical view
You can think of a table as a _____ representation of a logical relation.
persistent
The order of the _____ is irrelevant to the DBMS.
- rows and columns
- Because data is based on logical relationships
- Character data type also known as _____, can contain any character or symbol that is not intended for mathematical manipulation.
- Although they’re not intended for mathematical manipulation it still uses character sets: which include digits or a numerical string.
string data type
The row’s range of permissible values is known as its _____.
domain
Each table _____ represents an attribute.
column
Date attributes contain calendar dates stored in a special format known as the _____ date format.
Julian
A table is also called a _____ because the relational model’s creator, used the two terms as synonyms.
relation
table:relation
In a relational table, each column has a specific range of values known as the _____ domain.
attribute
- Provides a framework in which an assertion (statement of fact) can be verified as either true or false.
- _____ logic, used extensively in mathematics.
predicate
_____ are required in relational databases to ensure data integrity.
primary keys
A _____ is created when the next entry is selected without making a prior entry of any kind.
- “Say you press the Enter key or the Tab key to without making a prior entry of any kind”
null
Depending on the sophistication of the application development software, _____ can create problems when functions such as COUNT, AVERAGE, and SUM are used
null
In the relational model, _____ are important because they are used to ensure that each row in a table is uniquely identifiable.
keys
A _____ is a key that can uniquely identify any row in the table.
superkey
A _____ key can be described as a minimal superkey, a superkey without any unnecessary attributes.
candidate key
A _____ is the primary key of one table that has been placed into another table to create a common attribute.
foreign key
A _____ key is defined as a key that is used strictly for data retrieval purposes.
secondary
When you define a table’s primary key, the DBMS automatically creates a(n) _____ index on the primary key column(s) you declared.
unique
In a relational model, _____ :
- establish relationships among tables
- ensure the integrity of the data.
keys
A primary key is a _____ key selected to uniquely identify all other attribute values in any given row.
In essence, an attribute is a characteristic of something.
candidate
- The CUSTOMER table’s primary key: [ID].
- The CUSTOMER primary key column has zero null entries, meaning all entries are unique.
This is an example of _____.
entity integrity
_________ dictates:
- That the foreign key must contain values that match the primary key in the related table
- or must contain null.
Referential integrity
The _____ constraint can be placed on a column to ensure that every row in the table; has a value for that column.
NOT NULL enforces data integrity by preventing null values in the specified column.
The NULL represents the absence of any object
To avoid nulls: some designers use special codes, known as _____, to indicate the absence of some value.
flags
- Sometimes described as “the database designer’s database”
- It records the design decisions about tables and their structures.
data dictionary
In summary: provides a detailed description of all tables found within the user/designer-created database
In a database context, a(n) _____ indicates the use of different names to describe the same attribute.
synonym
A _____ provides a detailed description of all tables found within the user/designer-created database
data dictionary
Sometimes described as “the database designer’s database”
The _____ can be described as a detailed system data dictionary that describes all objects within the database.
objects within the database:
“Table data, Indexing data, accessing data”
system catalog
objects within the database:
- Table names, the table’s creator, and creation date
- The number of columns in each table; the data type corresponding to each column
- index filenames, index creators
- authorized users, and access privileges.
A ____ is a central database repository storing metadata about the database’s structure, objects, and other vital information.
system catalog
Repository~ a file, database, or cloud server address that contains one or more projects
_____ enforce integrity rules automatically.
Relational Database Management System
RDBMSs
The _____ relationship is the “relational model ideal”
Which relationship is rare? 1:M or 1:1
1:M
1:1 is a rare relationship
The _____ relationship should be rare in any relational database design.
1:1
Another name for a composite entity is a(n) _____ entity.
bridge
The _____ relationship is the relational database norm.
Which relationship is rare? 1:M or 1:1
1:M
1:1 is a rare relationship
The entities PROFESSOR and DEPARTMENT exhibited in scenario below is the _____ relationship:
- Each department can only have one professor serving as its chair.
- A professor who is a department chair can only chair one department at a time.
1:1
One characteristic of generalization hierarchies is that they are implemented as _____ relationships.
1:1
The proper use of foreign keys is crucial to controlling _____.
data redundancy
Proper _____ designs requires carefully defined and controlled data redundancies to function properly.
data warehouse
A(n) _____ is an orderly arrangement used to logically access rows in a table.
logical: It implies that the arrangement allows for efficient retrieval and manipulation of data based on specified criteria or relationships
index
A _____ index is an index in which the index key can have only one pointer value (row) associated with it.
unique
An index key can have multiple _____ .
attributes
An index key with multiple $ is also known as a composite index
An entity in the entity relationship model corresponds to a table in the _____ environment.
relational
In the entity relationship model, a table _____ corresponds to an entity instance.
Table row
In the Chen and Crow’s Foot notations:
An entity is represented with a _____ containing the entity’s name.
rectangle
In the original Chen notation:
- Each attribute is represented by an _____
- With the attribute name connected to an entity rectangle with a line.
oval
A(n) _____ is a primary key composed of more than one attribute.
composite identifier
Connectivities and cardinalities are established by concise statements known as _____.
business rules
In a one-to-many (1-M) relationship:
- To avoid the possibility of referential integrity errors
- The data of the _____ side must be loaded first.
one
_____ relationships are common in manufacturing industries.
unary
consisting of or involving a single component or element.
A _____ has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity in the relationship.
weak entity
The _____ notation of entity-relationship modelling can be used for both conceptual and implementation modelling.
UML (Unified Modeling Language)
The entity relationship diagram (ERD) represents the _____ database as viewed by the end user.
Number of entity occurrences is very helpful at the application software level.
conceptual
:relating to or based on mental concepts
A(n) _____ is the set of possible values for a given attribute.
domain
Ideally, an entity identifier is composed of this many attribute(s).
one
A _____ attribute can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes.
composite
A _____ attribute is one that cannot be subdivided.
simple
A derived attribute is indicated in the Chen notation by a _____ that connects the attribute and an entity.
dashed line
The decision to store _____ attributes in database tables depends on:
- The processing requirements in a particular application.
- The constraints placed on a particular application.
derived
A relationship is an association between _____.
entities
_____ expresses the minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity.
Shows how items in one group connect to items in another group.
cardinality
One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many
When the specific cardinalities are not included on the diagram in Crow’s Foot notation, cardinality is implied by the use of _____.
symbols
Knowing the minimum and maximum number of _____ occurrences is very helpful at the application software level.
entity
An entity is said to be _____-dependent if it can exist in the database only when it is associated with another related entity occurrence.
existence
If an entity can exist apart from all of its related entities, then it is existence-independent, and it is referred to as a(n) _____ entity.
strong
A _____ entity has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity in the relationship.
weak
The existence of a(n) _____ entity indicates that its minimum cardinality is zero.
optional
A _____ relationship exists when an association is maintained within a single entity.
unary
A _____ relationship exists when three entities are associated.
ternary
If an employee within an [EMPLOYEE entity] has a relationship with itself, that relationship is known as a _____ relationship.
Recursive: a program or routine of which a part that requires the application of the whole, so that its explicit interpretation requires in general, many successive executions.
To simplify the conceptual design, most higher-order relationships are decomposed into appropriate equivalent _____ relationships whenever possible.
binary
When using the Crow’s Foot notation, the associative entity is indicated by _____ relationship lines between the parents and the associative entity.
solid
_____ are characteristics of entities.
attributes
A _____ attribute is an attribute that must have a value.
required
This primary key is never NULL
____, also known as Identifiers, are underlined in an ER diagram.
primary keys
A person’s phone number would be an example of a _____ attribute.
single valued
A _____ attribute need not be physically stored within the database.
derived
A _____ attribute is an attribute that can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes.
composite
When indicating cardinality, the first value represents the _____ number of associated entities.
minimum
The concept of relationship strength is based on how the _____ of a related entity is defined.
primary key
establishes strong connections and guarantees data consistency.
A _____ relationship is also known as an identifying relationship.
strong
The Crow’s Foot notation depicts the strong relationship with a(n) _____ line between the entities.
solid
A weak entity must be _____ dependent.
existence
The Chen notation identifies a weak entity by using a double-walled entity _____.
rectangle
Participation is _____ if one entity occurrence does not require a corresponding entity occurrence in a particular relationship.
optional
In Crow’s Foot notation, an optional relationship between entities is shown by drawing a _____ on the side of the optional entity.
circle
_____ expresses the minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity.
cardinality
A relationship _____ indicates the number of entities or participants associated with a relationship.
cardinality
The first step in building an _____ is creating a detailed narrative of the organization’s description of operations.
entity-relationship diagram (ERD)
A(n) _____ process, is based on repetition of processes and procedures.
iterative
where the design of a product or application is improved by repeated review and testin
Identifying the attributes of entities helps in the better understanding of _____ among entities.
relationships
In organizations that generate large number of transactions, _____ are often a top priority in database design.
high processing speeds
Complex _____ requirements :
- Possibility of data transformations
- May expand entity & attribute numbers within the design
information
- _____ helps database designers to stay on track during the design process
- _____ enables database designers to pick up the design thread; when the time comes to modify the design.
documentation
A data model is usually _____.
graphical
An implementation-ready data model should contain a description of the _____ that will store the end-user data.
data structure
Within the database environment, a _____ represents data structures with the purpose of supporting a specific problem domain.
data model
A(n) ______’s main function is to help one understand the complexities of the real world environment.
model
A ______ is a relatively simple representation of more complex real-world data structures.
data model
In the context of data models, a(n) _____ is a person, place, thing, or event about the data being collected and stored.
entity
For example, a “customer” table stores data about each customer.
A(n) _______ represents a particular type of object in the real world.
entity
A(n) attribute, is a characteristic or property of an ______
e.g., name, age, or address
entity
A(n) _______ is bidirectional.
relationship
A(n) _______ is a restriction placed on the data.
contraint
These are important because they help to ensure data integrity.
constraint
_______ are normally expressed in the form of rules.
constraint
Students and classes have a _______ relationship.
many-to-many
A student can register for many classes, and a class can have many students.
Business rules must be rendered in _____.
writing
From a database point of view:
- The collection of data becomes meaningful; only when it reflects properly defined _______ .
business rules
serve as a communication tool between the users and designers
_____ can serve as a communication tool between the users and designers.
business rules
The process of gathering data should align with and accurately represent the established business rules.
A noun in a business rule translates to a(n) _______ in the data model.
entity
A verb associating two nouns in a business rule translates to a(n) _______ in the data model.
relationship
_____ are brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a specific organization.
business rules
In an SQL-based relational database:
- rows in different tables & their relationships are based on_______ in _______.
- common values in
- Common attributes
Each row in the _____ table is known as an entity instance or entity occurrence in the ER model.
relational
The _____ has structural level dependence.
network model
A(n) _______ is the equivalent of a field in a file system.
attribute
The _____ data model was developed in the 1960s-1970s.
hierarchical
The _____ data model was developed in the 1980s.
object-oriented
VMS/VSAM is an example of the _______ data model.
Virtual Storage Access Method
file system
Oracle 11g is an example of the _______.
XML/Hybrid data model
In the _______ model, the basic logical structure is represented as an upside-down tree.
hierarchical
In the _______ model:
- Each parent can have many children
- But each child has only one parent.
hierarchical
The _____ data model was developed in the 1970s.
relational
In the _______ model, the user perceives the database as a collection of records in 1:M relationships, where each record can have more than one parent.
network
The _______ model was developed to allow designers to use a graphical tools to examine structures rather than describing them with text.
entity relationship
- A(n) _______ enables a database administrator to describe schema components.
- These could include things like tables, columns, indexes, views, and other objects that contribute to the overall design of the database.
data definition language (DDL)
The HDFS ____ stores all the metadata about a file system.
Metadata: Where end-user data are integrated and managed.
name node
The HDFS _____ acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS.
client node
NoSQL databases provide _____.
fault tolerance
The _______ model uses the term connectivity to label the relationship types.
entity relationship
NoSQL databases are not based on the _____ model.
relational
The _______ model uses the term connectivity to label the relationship types.
object-oriented
The _______ data model uses the concept of inheritance.
object-oriented
Inheritance lets new objects inherit traits from existing ones
One of the limitations of the _______ model is that there is a lack of standards.
hierarchical
A _____ in a hierarchical model is the equivalent of a record in a file system.
segment
A(n) _____ is the conceptual organization of an entire database as viewed by a database administrator.
schema
The relational model’s foundation is a mathematical concept known as a _____.
relation
Each row in a relation is called a _____.
tuple
Each _____ in a relation represents an attribute.
column
A(n) _____ defines the environment in which:
- data can be managed
- Same data works with the other data in the database.
data manipulation language (DML)
Each row in the relational table is known as a(n) _____.
TUPLE
Sometimes called : entity instance
In crows foot notation, a _______ symbol represents the “many” side of the relationship.
Three pronged
A(n) _____ is a collection of similar objects with a shared structure and behavior.
class
In object oriented terms, a _____ defines an object’s behavior.
method
MySQL is an example of the _____.
relational data model
Example MySQL
1NF, 2NF, and 3NF are _____.
normalization stages
- ________ works through a series of stages called _______.
- Also include three stages which include wide ranges for the process.
Normalization, Normal Forms
____ works through a series of stages called normal forms.
normalization
_____ is a process to help reduce the likelihood of data anomalies.
normalization
Any attribute that is at least part of a key is known as a _____, or key attribute.
prime attribute
An attribute that is part of a key is known as a(n) _____.
prime attribute
The problem with ________ is that they still yield data anomalies, inconsistencies, and irregularities.
Transitive dependencies
A table that displays data redundancies yields _____.
anomalies
When designing a database, you should make sure that the table entities are _____ before table structures are created.
normalized
data redundancy produces _____.
data anomalies
Data anomaly is a specific deviation from the expected pattern in a data set. It can be a signal of errors, inconsistencies, or even fraudulent activity.
From a system functionality point of view:
- Derived attribute values can be calculated how?
Derived attribute values can be calculated when they are needed to write reports or invoices.
_____ produces data anomalies.
It can be a signal of errors, inconsistencies, or even fraudulent activity.
data redundancy
BCNF can be violated only if the table contains more than one _____ key.
candidate
A(n) _____ is one in which; an attribute is functionally dependent on another nonkey attribute.
transitive dependency
Dependencies based on only a part of a composite primary key are known as _____ dependencies.
partial
A _____ derives its name from the fact that a collection of multiple entries of the same type can exist for any single key attribute occurrence.
repeating group
A relational table must not contain a(n) _____.
repeating group
A(n) _____ exists when there are functional dependencies such that
- Y is functionally dependent on $
- $ is functionally dependent on Y, and
- X is the primary key.
transitive dependency
- Y is functionally dependent on X
- Z is functionally dependent on Y, and
- X is the primary key.
A table that is in 2NF and contains no transitive dependencies is said to be in _____.
A transitive dependency is an indirect relationship between values in the same table that causes a functional dependency
3NF
Of the following normal forms, _____ is mostly of theoretical interest.
DKNF
Domain-key normal form
Any attribute whose value determines other values within a row is known as a(n) _____.
determinant
- Because a partial dependency can exist only when a table’s primary key is composed of several attributes.
- A table whose _____ consists of only a single attribute; is automatically in 2NF once it is in 1NF.
primary key
A table is in Boyce–Codd normal form if every determinant in the table is a _____.
candidate key
If a table has multiple candidate keys and one of those candidate keys is a composite key, the table can have _____ based on this composite candidate key even when the primary key chosen is a single attribute.
partial dependencies
__________ specifies that a non-prime attribute is functionally dependent on part of a candidate key
partial dependency
A dependency based on only a part of a composite primary key is known as a _____.
partial dependency
_____ view data as part of a table or collection of tables in which all key values must be identified.
relational models
The objective of _____ is to ensure that each table conforms to the concept of well-formed relations.
normalization
Repeating groups must be eliminated by ensuring that each row defines a _____.
single entity
_____ are very helpful in getting a bird’s eye view of all the relationships among a table’s attributes.
dependency diagrams
In the context of _____, data redundancies occur because every row entry requires duplication of data.
partial dependencies
A dependency based on only a part of a composite primary key is called a _____.
partial dependency
Dependencies can be identified with the help of a(n) _____.
dependency diagram
_____ is a process of organizing the data in the database to avoid insertion anomaly, data redundancy, update and deletion anomaly
normalization
In the _____ normal form, no row may contain two or more multivalued facts about an entity.
fourth
For most business transactional databases, we should normalize relations into _____ normal form.
third
Most designers consider the BCNF as a special case of the _____ normal form.
third
Describe a table that is said to be in First normal form. 3
- A table that has all key attributes defined
- Has no repeating groups
- All its attributes are dependent on the primary key.
A table that is in 1NF and includes no partial dependencies is said to be in _____ normal form.
second
In a(n) _____ diagram, the arrows above the attributes indicate all desirable dependencies.
dependency
A(n) _____ attribute cannot be further subdivided.
atomic
_____ refers to the level of detail represented by the values stored in a table’s row.
granularity
_____ refers to the level of detail represented by the values in a table’s row.
granularity
A _____ enables the user to create database and table structures to perform basic data management chores.
database language
A(n) _____ enables the user to perform complex queries designed to transform the raw data into useful information.
database language
The SQL command that allows a user to insert rows into a table is _____.
insert
The SQL command that allows a user to permanently save data changes is _____.
commit
The SQL command that allows a user to list the contents of a table is _____.
select
In the SQL environment, the word _____ covers both questions and actions.
query
String comparisons are made from _____?
left to right
SQL allows the use of _____ restrictions on its inquiries such as OR, AND, and NOT.
logical
The ____ command, coupled with appropriate search conditions, is an incredibly powerful tool that enables a user to transform data into information.
SELECT
In SQL, all _____ or boolean expressions evaluate to true or false.
conditional
A specialty field in mathematics, known as _____ algebra, is dedicated to the use of logical operators.
Boolean
To make the output more readable, the SQL standard permits the use of aliases for any column in a _____ statement.
select
According to the rules of precedence, performing operations within ____ should be completed first.
parentheses
The special operator used to check whether a subquery returns any rows is _____.
exists
The special operator used to check whether an attribute value matches a given string pattern is _____.
like
The _____ special operator is used to check whether an attribute value is null.
is null
The ____ operator is used to check whether an attribute value lies within two bounds?
between
A(n) _____ is an alternate name given to a column or table in any SQL statement.
alias
What is a cascading order sequence?
A cascading order sequence is a multilevel ordered sequence that can be created easily by listing several attributes, separated by commas, after the ORDER BY clause.
_____ is a framework that allows a business to transform data into information, information into knowledge, and knowledge into wisdom.
business intelligence
Business intelligence (BI) _____ is composed of data, people, processes, technology, and the management of such components.
architecture
____3 __ focus on the strategic and tactical use of information.
business intelligence tools
- Business intelligence is a term used to describe a comprehensive, cohesive, and integrated set of tools.
- How is this used in decision making?
B.I tools are used to capture, collect, integrate, store, and analyze data with the purpose of generating and presenting information.
_____ functionality ranges from simple data gathering and transformation to very complex data analysis and presentation.
business intelligence
Business intelligence tools use the _____ data as the raw materials for data analytics to generate business knowledge.
data warehouse
objects within the database:
“Table data, Indexing data, accessing data”
objects within the database:
- Table names, the table’s creator, and creation date
- The number of columns in each table; the data type corresponding to each column
- index filenames, index creators
- authorized users, and access privileges.
organization’s description of operations
A detailed narrative of how the organization functions, including its processes, activities, and workflows.
organization’s description of operations
A detailed narrative of how the organization functions, including its processes, activities, and workflows.
What is a database schema?
Education: A schema is a plan, scheme, or diagram that helps students learn.
- “schema” refers to the structure of a database.
- It defines the tables, columns, data types, relationships, and constraints that organize and manage the data within the database.
