PA and OA set Flashcards
1
Q
Organization of data for the purpose of producing desired information involves:
recording, classifying, sorting, summarizing, calculating, disseminating and storing data.
A
Data Processing
2
Q
____ is the the result of processing raw facts to reveal its meaning.
A
Data
3
Q
______ is the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts.
A
information
4
Q
_____ is the body of information and facts about a specific subject.
A
knowledge
5
Q
Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to _____.
A
good decision making
6
Q
_____ serve as the intermediary between the user and the database.
A
Database Management System
7
Q
The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a _____.
A
collection of files
8
Q
A desktop database is a _____ database.
A
single-user
9
Q
To reveal meaning, information requires _____.
A
context
10
Q
Raw data must be properly _____ for storage, processing and presentation.
A
formatted
11
Q
_____ describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database.
A
Metadata
Where end-user data are integrated and managed.
12
Q
- The _____ itself is stored as a collection of files
- The only way to access the data in those files is through the DBMS.
A
database structure
13
Q
_____ receive all application requests and translate them into the complex operations required to fulfill those requests.
A
database programming languages
14
Q
One disadvantage of the DBMS is that it increases the risk of data _____.
A
security breaches
15
Q
A _____ can store data derived from many sources.
A
data warehouse
- database is designed for transactional processing, while
- A data warehouse is optimized for analytical processing of data from multiple sources.
16
Q
_____ is raw facts of interest to the end user.
A
end-user data
17
Q
______ provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database.
A
Metadata
Where end-user data are integrated and managed.
18
Q
- _____ exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places
- In essence, ________ is a consequence of poorly managed data redundancy.
A
data inconsistency
Say a customer’s address is stored in both:
- the customer relationship management (CRM) system
- marketing database
inconsistencies can arise if the address is updated in one system but not the other
19
Q
The response of the DBMS to a query is the _____.
A
query result set
20
Q
A(n) ______ database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments.
A
enterprise
Workgroup databases are designed for smaller teams or departments, while enterprise databases support larger organizations with many users and departments.
21
Q
A(n) _____ database supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or a specific department within an organization.
A
workgroup
- Workgroup databases are designed for smaller teams or departments, while
- Enterprise databases support larger organizations with many users and departments.
22
Q
A workgroup database is a(n) _____ database.
A
multi-user
23
Q
Data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the_____.
A
operational databases
24
Q
_____ data exist in the format in which they were collected.
A
unstructured
as is
25
_____ data exist in a format that does *not lend itself to processing* that yields information.
unstructured
## Footnote
This type of data *isn't organized in a predefined manner* (like rows and columns in a spreadsheet), making it harder to analyze and extract meaningful information.
26
____ data are the *result of formatting disorganized data* in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information.
structured
27
Most data that can be encountered are best classified as _____.
semistructured
28
An XML database supports the storage and management of _____ XML data.
semistructured
29
_____ is *data about data* through which the end-user data are integrated and managed.
Metadata
## Footnote
Where end-user data are integrated and managed.
30
An _____ query is a spur-of-the-moment question.
ad-hoc
31
_____ is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a **textual format**.
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
32
_____ databases focus primarily on storing data used to generate *information required to make tactical or strategic decisions*.
Analytical
33
A _____ is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.
database management system
34
A(n) _____ might be *written by a programmer* or it might be created through a DBMS utility program.
application
35
A _____ is a specific _request_ issued to the DBMS for data manipulation.
query
36
Rows and fields are both essential parts of a table, but what's the difference between the two?
1. A row is the complete package of information
2. A field is just one piece of that package.
37
_____ enhance the user's ability to understand the data.
spreadsheet applications
38
A _____ is a logically *connected set of one or more fields* that describes a person, place, or thing.
**record**
## Footnote
A field is a single piece of information within that record.
39
A _____ is a collection of related records.
file
40
A _____ is a character or group of characters that has a specific meaning.
field
41
The *organization of data* within folders in a **manual file system** is determined by _____.
expected use
42
_____ a specific deviation from the expected pattern in a data set. It can be a signal of errors, inconsistencies, or even fraudulent activity.
Data anomaly
43
_____ is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are *consistent with the real-world events and conditions*.
data integrity
44
_____ reflects a situation where the *same data is stored unnecessarily* at different places.
data redundancy
45
A(n) _____ develops when all required changes in the _redundant_ data are not made successfully.
data anomaly
46
_____ exists when the *same data are stored unnecessarily* at different places.
Data redundancy
47
_____ exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.
Data inconsistency
## Footnote
- Inconsistency: Different versions of the same data exist.
- Redundancy: Same data stored in multiple places.
48
- Isolated data pockets within an organization.
- They lack connections to other data sources, hindering comprehensive analysis and decision-making.
islands of information
49
Data is said to be _____ if the data always yields consistent results.
verifiable
50
_____ refer to a type of database that *stores most of its data in RAM* rather than in hard disks.
in-memory databases
51
The term _____ refers to **an organization of components** that *define and regulate* the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment.
database system
52
_____ relates to the activities that make the database *execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed*.
performance tuning
53
_____ relates to activities that make a *database operate more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed*.
performance tuning
54
The DBMS uses the _____ *to look up the required data component structures and relationships*
- relieving programmers from having to code such complex relationships in each program.
data dictionary
55
A _____ *contains at least all of the attribute names and characteristics* for each table in the system.
- relieves programmers from having to code complex relationships in each program.
data dictionary
56
The practical significance of taking the _____ is that it *serves as a reminder of the _simple file concept_ of data storage*.
logical view
57
You can think of a **table** as a _____ representation of *a logical relation*.
persistent
58
The order of the _____ is irrelevant to the DBMS.
1. rows and columns
2. Because data is based on logical relationships
59
1. Character data type also known as _____, *can contain any character or symbol* that is not intended for mathematical manipulation.
2. Although they're not intended for mathematical manipulation it still **uses character sets:** which *include digits or a numerical string*.
string data type
60
The row's range of permissible values is known as its _____.
domain
61
Each table _____ represents an attribute.
column
62
Date attributes contain calendar dates stored in a special format known as the _____ *date format.*
Julian
63
A **table** is also called a _____ because the relational model's creator, used *the two terms as synonyms*.
relation
## Footnote
*table:relation*
64
In a **relational table**, *each **column** has a specific range of values* known as the _____ domain.
attribute
65
1. Provides a framework in which an *assertion (statement of fact) can be verified as either true or false.*
2. _____ logic, used extensively in mathematics.
predicate
66
_____ are required in relational databases to ensure data integrity.
primary keys
67
A _____ is created when *the next entry is selected without making a prior entry of any kind*.
- "Say you press the Enter key or the Tab key to without making a prior entry of any kind"
null
68
Depending on the sophistication of the application development software, _____ can create problems when functions such as COUNT, AVERAGE, and SUM are used
null
69
In the relational model, _____ are important because they are *used to ensure that each row in a table is uniquely identifiable*.
keys
70
A _____ is a key that can *uniquely identify any row* in the table.
superkey
71
A _____ key can be described as a minimal superkey, *a superkey without any unnecessary attributes.*
**candidate** key
72
A _____ is the **primary key** of one table that *has been placed into another table* to create a _common attribute_.
foreign key
73
A _____ key is defined as a key that is *used strictly for data retrieval* purposes.
secondary
74
When you *define a table's primary key*, the DBMS automatically creates **a(n) _____ index** on the primary key **column(s)** you declared.
unique
75
In a relational model, _____ :
1. establish relationships among tables
2. ensure the integrity of the data.
keys
76
A **primary key** is a _____ key selected to uniquely identify all other attribute values in any given row.
## Footnote
In essence, an attribute is a characteristic of something.
candidate
77
1. The *CUSTOMER* table's primary key: [ID].
2. The *CUSTOMER* primary key column has zero null entries, meaning all entries are unique.
This is an example of _____.
## Footnote
[Note](https://g.co/gemini/share/5e3aa77fa00a)
entity integrity
78
_________ dictates:
1. That the *foreign key* must contain values that match the *primary key* in the related table
2. or must contain null.
Referential integrity
79
The _____ constraint can be **placed on a column** to ensure that *every row in the table; has a value for that column*.
**NOT NULL** enforces data integrity by preventing null values in the specified column.
## Footnote
The NULL represents the absence of any object
80
To avoid nulls: some designers use special codes, known as _____, to *indicate the absence of some value*.
flags
81
1. Sometimes described as "the database designer's database"
2. It records the design decisions about tables and their structures.
data dictionary
## Footnote
In summary: *provides a detailed description of all tables* found within the user/designer-created database
82
In a database context, a(n) _____ indicates *the use of different names to describe the same attribute*.
synonym
83
A _____ provides a detailed description of all tables found within the user/designer-created database
data dictionary
## Footnote
Sometimes described as "the database designer's database"
84
The _____ can be *described as a detailed system data dictionary* that describes all objects within the database.
objects within the database:
"Table data, Indexing data, accessing data"
**system catalog**
objects within the database:
1. Table names, the table's creator, and creation date
2. The number of columns in each table; the data type corresponding to each column
3. index filenames, index creators
4. authorized users, and access privileges.
85
A ____ is a **central database repository** *storing metadata* about the database's structure, objects, and other vital information.
system catalog
## Footnote
Repository~ a file, database, or cloud server address that contains one or more projects
86
_____ enforce integrity rules automatically.
Relational Database Management System
## Footnote
RDBMSs
87
The _____ relationship is the "relational model ideal"
## Footnote
Which relationship is rare? 1:M or 1:1
**1:M**
## Footnote
1:1 is a *rare* relationship
88
The _____ relationship should be rare in any relational database design.
1:1
89
Another name for a **composite entity** is a(n) _____ entity.
bridge
90
The _____ relationship is the relational database norm.
## Footnote
Which relationship is rare? 1:M or 1:1
**1:M**
## Footnote
1:1 is a rare relationship
91
The entities PROFESSOR and DEPARTMENT exhibited in scenario below is the _____ relationship:
1. Each department can only have one professor serving as its chair.
2. A professor who is a department chair can only chair one department at a time.
1:1
92
One characteristic of **generalization hierarchies** is that they are implemented as _____ relationships.
1:1
93
The proper use of foreign keys is crucial to controlling _____.
data redundancy
94
Proper _____ designs *requires carefully defined and controlled data redundancies* to function properly.
data warehouse
95
A(n) _____ is an orderly arrangement used *to logically access* rows in a table.
## Footnote
logical: It implies that the arrangement allows for efficient retrieval and manipulation of data based on specified criteria or relationships
index
96
A _____ index is an index in which the index key *can have only one* pointer value (row) associated with it.
unique
97
An index key can have multiple _____ .
**attributes**
## Footnote
An index key with multiple $ is also known as a composite index
98
An entity in the **entity relationship model** corresponds to a table in the _____ environment.
relational
99
In the entity relationship model, *a table _____ corresponds to an _entity instance_*.
Table _row_
100
In the Chen and Crow's Foot notations:
An **entity** is represented with a _____ *containing the entity's name*.
rectangle
101
In the original Chen notation:
1. Each **attribute** is represented by an _____
2. With the *attribute name* connected to an *entity rectangle* with a line.
oval
102
A(n) _____ is a primary key composed of more than one attribute.
composite identifier
103
Connectivities and cardinalities are established by concise statements known as _____.
business rules
104
In a *one-to-many (1-M)* relationship:
1. To avoid the possibility of **referential integrity errors**
2. The data of the _____ side must be loaded first.
one
105
_____ relationships are common in manufacturing industries.
unary
## Footnote
consisting of or involving a single component or element.
106
A _____ has a *primary key that is partially or totally derived from the* **parent entity** in the relationship.
weak entity
107
The _____ notation of **entity-relationship modelling** can be *used for both conceptual and implementation modelling*.
1. [conceptual & Implementation modeling?](https://g.co/gemini/share/01b05165c5a0)
UML (Unified Modeling Language)
108
The entity relationship diagram (ERD) represents the _____ database *as viewed by the end user.*
## Footnote
Number of entity occurrences is very helpful at the application software level.
conceptual
## Footnote
:*relating to or based on mental concepts*
109
A(n) _____ is the set of possible values for a given attribute.
domain
110
Ideally, an entity identifier is composed of this many attribute(s).
one
111
A _____ attribute can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes.
composite
112
A _____ attribute is one that _cannot be_ subdivided.
simple
113
A **derived attribute** is indicated in the Chen notation by a _____ that connects the attribute and an entity.
dashed line
114
The decision to store _____ attributes in database tables depends on:
1. The **processing requirements** in a particular application.
2. The **constraints** placed on a particular application.
derived
115
A relationship is an association between _____.
entities
116
_____ expresses the minimum and maximum *number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the **related entity**.*
## Footnote
Shows how items in one group connect to items in another group.
cardinality
## Footnote
One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many
117
When the specific cardinalities are *not included on the diagram* in Crow's Foot notation, cardinality is implied by the use of _____.
symbols
118
Knowing the minimum and maximum number of _____ occurrences is very helpful at the application software level.
entity
119
An entity is said to be _____-dependent if it can exist in the database _only when_ it *is associated with another related entity occurrence.*
existence
120
If an entity can exist apart from all of its related entities, then it is existence-independent, and it is referred to as a(n) _____ entity.
strong
121
A _____ entity has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity in the relationship.
weak
122
The existence of a(n) _____ entity indicates that its minimum cardinality is zero.
optional
123
A _____ relationship exists when an association is maintained within a single entity.
unary
124
A _____ relationship exists when three entities are associated.
ternary
125
If an employee within an [*EMPLOYEE* entity] has a relationship with itself, that relationship is known as a _____ relationship.
**Recursive**: a program or routine of which a _part_ that *requires the _application_ of the whole*, so that its explicit interpretation requires in general, many successive executions.
126
To simplify the conceptual design, most higher-order relationships are decomposed into appropriate equivalent _____ relationships whenever possible.
binary
127
When using the Crow's Foot notation, the associative entity is indicated by _____ *relationship lines* between the parents and the associative entity.
solid
128
_____ are characteristics of entities.
attributes
129
A _____ attribute is an attribute that *must have* a value.
required
## Footnote
This primary key is never `NULL`
130
____, also known as Identifiers, are underlined in an ER diagram.
**primary keys**
131
A person's phone number would be an example of a _____ attribute.
single valued
132
A _____ attribute need not be physically stored within the database.
derived
133
A _____ attribute is an attribute that can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes.
composite
134
When indicating cardinality, the first value represents the _____ number of associated entities.
minimum
135
The concept of **relationship strength** is based on how the _____ *of a related entity* is defined.
primary key
## Footnote
establishes strong connections and guarantees data consistency.
136
A _____ relationship is also known as an identifying relationship.
strong
137
The Crow's Foot notation depicts the **strong relationship** with a(n) _____ line between the entities.
solid
138
A weak entity must be _____ dependent.
existence
139
The Chen notation identifies a **weak entity** by using a double-walled entity _____.
rectangle
140
Participation is _____ if one entity occurrence *does not require a corresponding entity occurrence* in a particular relationship.
optional
141
In Crow's Foot notation, an **optional relationship** between entities is shown by drawing a _____ on the side of the optional entity.
circle
142
_____ expresses the minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity.
cardinality
143
A relationship _____ indicates the number of entities or participants associated with a relationship.
cardinality
144
The first step in building an _____ is creating a detailed narrative of the organization's description of operations.
entity-relationship diagram (ERD)
145
A(n) _____ process, is based on _repetition_ of processes and procedures.
iterative
## Footnote
where the design of a product or application is improved by repeated review and testin
146
*Identifying the **attributes** of entities* helps in the better understanding of _____ among entities.
relationships
147
In organizations that generate large number of transactions, _____ are often a top priority in database design.
high processing speeds
148
Complex _____ requirements :
1. Possibility of data transformations
2. May expand entity & attribute numbers within the design
information
149
1. _____ helps database designers to *stay on track* during the design process
2. _____ enables database designers to *pick up the design thread*; when the time comes to modify the design.
documentation
150
A data model is usually _____.
graphical
151
An **implementation-ready** data model should contain a description of the _____ that will store the end-user data.
data structure
152
**Within the database environment**, a _____ represents data structures with the purpose of *supporting a specific problem domain*.
data model
153
A(n) ______'s main function is to *help one understand the complexities* of the real world environment.
model
154
A ______ is a relatively simple representation of more complex real-world data structures.
data model
155
In the context of data models, a(n) _____ is a person, place, thing, or event **about the data** being collected and stored.
entity
## Footnote
For example, a "customer" table stores data _about_ each customer.
156
A(n) _______ represents a particular *type of object* in the real world.
entity
157
A(n) attribute, is a characteristic or property of an ______
## Footnote
e.g., name, age, or address
entity
158
A(n) _______ is bidirectional.
relationship
159
A(n) _______ is a restriction placed on the data.
contraint
160
These are important because they help to ensure data integrity.
constraint
161
_______ are normally expressed in the form of rules.
constraint
162
Students and classes have a _______ relationship.
many-to-many
## Footnote
A student can register for many classes, and a class can have many students.
163
Business rules must be rendered in _____.
writing
164
From a database point of view:
1. The collection of data becomes **meaningful**; only when it reflects properly defined _______ .
business rules
## Footnote
serve as a communication tool between the users and designers
165
_____ can serve as a communication tool between the users and designers.
business rules
## Footnote
The process of gathering data should align with and accurately represent the established business rules.
166
A noun in a business rule translates to a(n) _______ in the data model.
entity
167
A verb associating two nouns in a business rule translates to a(n) _______ in the data model.
relationship
168
_____ are brief, precise, and unambiguous *description of a policy, procedure, or principle* within a specific organization.
business rules
169
In an SQL-based relational database:
1. *rows in different tables* & their relationships are based on_______ in _______.
1. common values in
2. Common attributes
170
Each row in the _____ table is known as an entity instance or entity occurrence in the ER model.
relational
171
The _____ has structural level dependence.
network model
172
A(n) _______ is the equivalent of a field in a file system.
attribute
173
The _____ data model was developed in the 1960s-1970s.
hierarchical
174
The _____ data model was developed in the 1980s.
object-oriented
175
VMS/VSAM is an example of the _______ data model.
## Footnote
Virtual Storage Access Method
file system
176
Oracle 11g is an example of the _______.
XML/Hybrid data model
177
In the _______ model, the basic logical structure is represented as an upside-down tree.
hierarchical
178
In the _______ model:
1. Each parent can have many children
2. **But** each child has only one parent.
hierarchical
179
The _____ data model was developed in the 1970s.
relational
180
In the _______ model, **the user perceives the database as a collection of records in 1:M relationships**, where each record can have more than one parent.
network
181
The _______ model was developed to *allow designers to use a graphical tools to examine structures* rather than describing them with text.
entity relationship
182
1. A(n) _______ enables a database administrator *to describe schema components*.
2. These could include things like tables, columns, indexes, views, and other objects that *contribute to the overall design* of the database.
data **definition** language (DDL)
183
The HDFS ____ *stores all the metadata* about a file system.
## Footnote
Metadata: *Where end-user data are integrated and managed.*
name node
184
The HDFS _____ acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS.
client node
185
NoSQL databases provide _____.
fault tolerance
186
The _______ model uses the term **connectivity** to label the *relationship types*.
entity relationship
187
**NoSQL** databases are not based on the _____ model.
relational
188
The _______ model uses the term **connectivity** to label the *relationship _types_*.
object-oriented
189
The _______ data model uses the *concept of inheritance*.
object-oriented
## Footnote
Inheritance lets new objects inherit traits from existing ones
190
One of the limitations of the _______ model is that there is a lack of standards.
hierarchical
191
A _____ in _a hierarchical model_ is the *equivalent of* a **record** in *a file system*.
segment
192
A(n) _____ is the *conceptual organization of an entire database* as viewed by a database administrator.
schema
193
The relational model's foundation is a mathematical concept known as a _____.
relation
194
Each row in a relation is called a _____.
tuple
195
Each _____ in a relation represents an attribute.
column
196
A(n) _____ *defines the environment* in which:
1. data can be managed
2. Same **data works** with the other data in the database.
data manipulation language (DML)
197
Each row in the relational table is known as a(n) _____.
TUPLE
## Footnote
Sometimes called : entity instance
198
In crows foot notation, a _______ symbol represents the **"many" side** of the relationship.
Three pronged
199
A(n) _____ is a collection of similar objects with a shared structure and behavior.
class
200
In object oriented terms, a _____ defines an object's behavior.
method
201
MySQL is an example of the _____.
relational data model
## Footnote
Example MySQL
202
1NF, 2NF, and 3NF are _____.
normalization stages
203
1. ________ works through a series of stages called _______.
2. Also include three stages which include wide ranges for the process.
Normalization, Normal Forms
204
____ works through a series of stages called normal forms.
normalization
205
_____ is a process to help reduce the likelihood of data anomalies.
normalization
206
Any attribute that is *at least part of a key* is known as a _____, or **key attribute**.
prime attribute
207
An **attribute** that is *part of a key* is known as a(n) _____.
prime attribute
208
The problem with ________ is that they still *yield data anomalies, inconsistencies, and irregularities*.
Transitive dependencies
209
A table that displays data redundancies yields _____.
anomalies
210
When designing a database, you should make sure that the **table entities** are _____ before *table structures are created*.
normalized
211
data redundancy produces _____.
data anomalies
##footnote
Data anomaly is a specific deviation from the expected pattern in a data set. It can be a signal of errors, inconsistencies, or even fraudulent activity.
212
From a system functionality point of view:
1. **Derived attribute values** can be calculated how?
Derived attribute values can be calculated when they are needed to write reports or invoices.
213
_____ produces data anomalies.
##footnote
It can be a signal of errors, inconsistencies, or even fraudulent activity.
data redundancy
214
BCNF can be violated only if the table contains more than one _____ key.
candidate
215
A(n) _____ is one in which; an *attribute is functionally dependent* on another nonkey attribute.
transitive dependency
216
**Dependencies** based on only *a part of a composite primary key* are known as _____ dependencies.
partial
217
A _____ derives its name from the fact that a collection of *multiple entries of the same type* can exist for any single key attribute occurrence.
repeating group
218
A relational table must not contain a(n) _____.
repeating group
219
A(n) _____ exists when there are *functional dependencies* such that
1. Y is functionally dependent on $
2. $ is functionally dependent on Y, and
3. X is the primary key.
**transitive dependency**
1. Y is functionally dependent on X
2. Z is functionally dependent on Y, and
3. X is the primary key.
220
A table that is in 2NF and contains no transitive dependencies is said to be in _____.
## Footnote
A transitive dependency is an indirect relationship between values in the same table that causes a functional dependency
3NF
221
Of the following normal forms, _____ is mostly of theoretical interest.
DKNF
## Footnote
Domain-key normal form
222
Any attribute whose value determines other values within a row is known as a(n) _____.
determinant
223
1. Because a **partial dependency** can exist only when a table's primary key is *composed of several attributes*.
2. A table whose _____ *consists of only a single attribute*; is automatically in 2NF once it is in 1NF.
primary key
224
*A table is in Boyce–Codd normal form* if every _determinant_ in the table is a _____.
candidate key
225
If a table has multiple candidate keys and one of those candidate keys is a composite key, the table can have _____ based on this composite candidate key even when the primary key chosen is a single attribute.
partial dependencies
226
__________ specifies that a *non-prime attribute* is **functionally dependent** on part of a *candidate key*
partial dependency
227
A dependency based on *only a _part_ of a composite primary key* is known as a _____.
partial dependency
228
_____ view data as *part of a table* or *collection of tables* in which all **key values** must be identified.
relational models
229
The objective of _____ is to ensure that each table conforms to the concept of well-formed relations.
normalization
230
Repeating groups must be eliminated by ensuring that each row defines a _____.
single entity
231
_____ are very helpful in getting a bird's eye view of *all the relationships* among a table's attributes.
dependency diagrams
232
In the context of _____, *data redundancies occur* because every **row entry** requires duplication of data.
partial dependencies
233
A dependency based on only a part of a composite primary key is called a _____.
partial dependency
234
Dependencies can be identified with the help of a(n) _____.
dependency diagram
235
_____ is a process of organizing the data in the database to avoid insertion anomaly, data redundancy, update and deletion anomaly
normalization
236
In the _____ normal form, no row may contain two or more multivalued facts about an entity.
fourth
237
For most *business transactional databases*, we should normalize relations into _____ normal form.
third
238
Most designers consider the BCNF as a special case of the _____ normal form.
third
239
Describe a table that is said to be in First normal form. 3
1. A table that has all *key attributes defined*
2. Has no repeating groups
3. All its *attributes are dependent* on the primary key.
240
A table that is in 1NF and *includes no partial dependencies* is said to be in _____ normal form.
second
241
In a(n) _____ diagram, the arrows above the attributes indicate all desirable dependencies.
dependency
242
A(n) _____ attribute cannot be further subdivided.
atomic
243
_____ refers to the level of detail represented by the values stored in a table's row.
granularity
## Footnote
[Note](https://www.loyal.guru/cdp/data-granularity/)
244
_____ refers to the *level of detail* represented by the **values** in a table's row.
granularity
245
A _____ **enables the user** to *create database and table structures* to perform basic data management chores.
database language
246
A(n) _____ enables the user to perform complex queries designed to transform the raw data into useful information.
database language
247
The SQL command that allows a user to insert rows into a table is _____.
insert
248
The SQL command that allows a user to permanently save data changes is _____.
commit
249
The SQL command that allows a user to list the contents of a table is _____.
select
250
In the SQL environment, the word _____ covers both questions and actions.
query
251
String comparisons are made from _____?
left to right
252
SQL allows the use of _____ restrictions on its inquiries such as OR, AND, and NOT.
logical
253
The ____ command, coupled with appropriate search conditions, is an incredibly powerful tool that enables a user to transform data into information.
SELECT
254
In SQL, all _____ or boolean expressions evaluate to true or false.
conditional
255
A specialty field in mathematics, known as _____ algebra, is dedicated to the use of logical operators.
## Footnote
[Link](https://www.questionai.com/questions-sGMMP7JXqf0R/contentexplain)
Boolean
256
*To make the output more readable*, the **SQL standard** permits the use of aliases for any column in a _____ statement.
select
257
According to the rules of precedence, performing operations within ____ should be completed first.
parentheses
258
The special operator used to check whether *a subquery returns any rows* is _____.
exists
259
The special operator used to check whether an attribute *value matches* a given string pattern is _____.
like
260
The _____ special operator is used to check whether an attribute value is null.
is null
261
The ____ operator is used to check whether an attribute value lies within two bounds?
between
262
A(n) _____ is an alternate name given to a column or table in any SQL statement.
alias
263
What is a cascading order sequence?
A cascading order sequence is a multilevel ordered sequence that can be created easily *by listing several attributes, separated by commas*, after the `ORDER BY` clause.
264
_____ is a framework that allows a business to transform data into information, information into knowledge, and knowledge into wisdom.
business intelligence
265
Business intelligence (BI) _____ is composed of data, people, processes, technology, and the management of such components.
architecture
266
____3 __ focus on the strategic and tactical use of information.
business intelligence tools
267
1. Business intelligence is a term used to describe a *comprehensive, cohesive, and integrated* set of tools.
2. How is this used in decision making?
B.I tools are used to capture, collect, integrate, store, and analyze data with the purpose of *generating and presenting* information.
268
_____ functionality ranges from simple data gathering and transformation to very complex data analysis and presentation.
business intelligence
269
Business intelligence tools use the _____ data as the raw materials for data analytics to generate business knowledge.
data warehouse
270
objects within the database:
"Table data, Indexing data, accessing data"
objects within the database:
1. **Table names**, the table's **creator**, and creation **date**
2. The **number** of columns in each table; the **data type** corresponding to each column
3. index filenames, index creators
4. authorized users, and access privileges.
271
organization's description of operations
A detailed **narrative** of how the organization functions, including its *processes, activities, and workflows*.
272
organization's description of operations
A detailed narrative of how the organization functions, including its processes, activities, and workflows.
273
What is a database schema?
## Footnote
Education: A schema is a plan, scheme, or diagram that helps students learn.
1. "schema" refers to the **structure** of a database.
2. It **defines** the tables, columns, data types, relationships, and constraints that organize and manage the data within the database.
