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C175 Data Management Foundations > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Database

A

A shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of related data.

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2
Q

Data Management

A

A process that focuses on data collection, storage, and retrieval.

Common data management functions include addition, deletion, modification, and listing

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3
Q

What are the two types of data in a database?

A
  • end-user data (raw facts)
  • Metadata
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4
Q

Metadata

A

Data about data; that is, data about data characteristics and relationships

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5
Q

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

A

The collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.

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6
Q

What are six advantages of a DBMS?

A
  • Improved data security
  • Better data integration
  • Minimized data inconsistency
  • Improved data access
  • Improved decision making
  • Increased end-user productivity
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7
Q

Data inconsistency

A

A condition in which different versions of the same data yield different (inconsistent) results.

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8
Q

Query

A
  • A question or task asked by an end user of a database in the form of SQL code.
  • A specific request for data manipulation issued by the end user or the application to the DBMS.
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9
Q

Ad hoc query

A

A “spur-of-the-moment” question

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10
Q

Query result set

A

The collection of data rows returned by a query.

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11
Q

Data quality

A

A comprehensive approach to ensuring the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of data.

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12
Q

Single-user database

A

A database that supports only one user at a time

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13
Q

Desktop database

A

A single-user database that runs on a personal computer.

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14
Q

Multiuser database

A

A database that supports multiple concurrent users

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15
Q

Workgroup database

A

A multiuser database that usually supports:

  1. Fewer than 50 users or
  2. Used for a specific department in an organization.
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16
Q

Enterprise database

A

The overall company data representation, which provides support for present and expected future needs.

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17
Q

Centralized database

A

A database located at a single site

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18
Q

Distributed database

A

A logically related database that is stored in two or more physically independent sites.

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19
Q

Cloud database

A

A database that is created and maintained using cloud services, such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS

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20
Q

General-purpose database

A

A database that contains a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines.

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21
Q

Discipline-specific database

A

A database that contains data focused on specific subject areas

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22
Q

Operational database

A

A database designed primarily to support a company’s day-to-day operations.

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23
Q

An operational database is also known as: 3

A
  • online transaction processing database (OLTP)
  • Transactional database
  • production database
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24
Q

Data warehouse

A
  1. A specialized database that stores historical and aggregated data.
  2. The data format is optimized for decision support.
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25
Q

Online analytical processing (OLAP)

retrieving, processing, and modeling

A

A set of tools that provide advanced data analysis for retrieving, processing, and modeling data from the data warehouse

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26
Q

Business intelligence

Cathy Can I See Aardvarks?

A

A set of tools and processes used to capture, collect, integrate, store, and analyze data to support business decision making

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27
Q

Unstructured data

A

Data that exists in its original, raw state; that is, in the format in which it was collected

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28
Q

Structured data

A

Data that has been formatted to facilitate:
storage, use, and information generation.

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29
Q

Digital data

A

It represents other forms of data using specific machine language systems that can be interpreted by various technologies

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30
Q

Semistructured data

A

Data that has already been processed to some extent

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31
Q

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

A
  • A metalanguage used to represent and manipulate data elements.
  • Unlike other markup languages, XML permits the manipulation of a document’s data elements.
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32
Q

XML database

A

A database system that stores and manages semistructured XML data.

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33
Q

NoSQL

A

A new generation of database management systems that is not based on the traditional relational database model

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34
Q

Database design

The second phase of the Database Life Cycle

A

The process that yields the description of the database structure and determines the database components.

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35
Q

Analytical Database

A

A database focused primarily on storing historical data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making

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36
Q

Data processing (DP) specialist

A

The person responsible for developing and managing a computerized file processing system

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37
Q

Record

A
  • Contains a set of fields that describes a person, place, or thing.
  • It is a collection of data items arranged for processing by a program.
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38
Q

Field

A
  • It is a data structure for a single piece of data.
  • Contains all the information within the table appropriate to a particular entity.
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39
Q

File

A
  • It is a collection of related records.
  • Stores data, information, settings, or commands that are used in computation.
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40
Q

What are the two file systems?

A
  • Manual
  • Computerized
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41
Q

Manual file system

A

Includes paper-and-pencil system to facilitate the expected use of data

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42
Q

Computerized file system

A
  • Stores and organizes computer files and makes data easy to find and access them
  • Generates reports and keeps track of complex data
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43
Q

Structural dependence

A

A data characteristic in which a change in the database schema affects data access, thus requiring changes in all access programs

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44
Q

Structural independence

A

A data characteristic in which changes in the database schema do not affect data access

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45
Q

Data dependence

A

A data condition in which data representation and manipulation are dependent on the physical data storage characteristics

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46
Q

Data independence

A

A condition in which data access is unaffected by changes in the physical data storage characteristics

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47
Q

Logical data format

A

The way a person views data within the context of a problem domain

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48
Q

Physical data format

A

The way a computer “sees” (stores) data.

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49
Q

Data redundancy

A

Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places

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50
Q

Uncontrolled data redundancy sets the stage for the following:

A
  • Poor data security
  • Data inconsistency
  • Data-entry errors
  • Data integrity problems
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51
Q

Data integrity

A

In a relational database, a condition in which the data in the database complies with all entity and referential integrity constraints.

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52
Q

Data anomaly

A

A data abnormality (irregularity) in which inconsistent changes have been made to a database.

For example, an employee moves, but the address change is not corrected in all files in the database.

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53
Q

Database system

A
  • An organization of components in a database environment
  • Defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, and use of data
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54
Q

From a general management point of view, the database system is composed of the five major parts:

A
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55
Q

Data dictionary

A
  • The data dictionary contains data~ definitions, characteristics and relationships.
  • May also include data that is external to the DBMS
56
Q

Performance tuning

A

Activities that make a database perform more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed

57
Q

Query language

A

A nonprocedural language that is used by a DBMS to manipulate its data.

An example of a query language is SQL.

58
Q

DBMS function: Security Management

A
  • Sets rules that determine specific users that are allowed to access the database.
  • This function also sets restraints on what specific data any user can see or manage.
59
Q

DBMS function: Data transformation and presentation

A
  1. By using this function, the DBMS can determine the difference between logical and physical data formats.
  2. Exists to transform any data entered into required data structures.
60
Q

DBMS function: data dictionary management

A
  1. Removes structural and data dependency and provides the user with data abstraction.
  2. The DBMS uses this function to look up the required data component structures and relationships.
61
Q

DBMS software

A

Manages the database within the database system.

Some examples of DBMS software include Microsoft’s SQL Server, Oracle Corporation’s Oracle, Oracle’s MySQL, and IBM’s DB2

62
Q

Application programs and utility software

A

used to access and manipulate data in the DBMS and to manage the computer environment in which data access and manipulation take place

63
Q

System analysts and programmers

A
  1. Design and implement the application programs.
  2. They design and create the data-entry screens, reports, and procedures.
  3. End users access those designs and manipulate the database’s data
64
Q

End Users

A

the people who use the application programs to run the organization’s daily operations

65
Q

DBMS function: Multiuser access control

A

To provide data integrity and data consistency:

  • The DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure that multiple users can access the database concurrently without compromising its integrity.
66
Q

DBMS function: data integrity management

A
  1. Promotes and enforces integrity rules.
  2. Minimizing data redundancy and maximizing data consistency.
67
Q

DBMS function: Database communication interfaces

A

A current-generation DBMS accepts end-user requests via multiple, different network environments.

Ex: web browsers like Mozilla Firefox

68
Q

____ ____ exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.

A

Data inconsistency

69
Q

One disadvantage of the DBMS is that it:?

A

increases the risk of data security breaches

70
Q

Data processing can be as simple as:

A

organizing data to reveal patterns

71
Q

The database structure itself is stored as a collection of files, how would you access the data?

A

The only way to access the data in those files is through the DBMS.

72
Q

Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to _______.

A

Data Management

73
Q

Data is said to be verifiable if:

A

The data always yields consistent results

74
Q

A(n) ______ database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments.

A

Enterprise

75
Q

A _____ contains at least all of the attribute names and characteristics for each table in the system.

A

Data dictionary

76
Q

A(n) ____ _____ develops when all required changes in the redundant data are not made successfully

A

Data anormaly

77
Q

Raw data must be properly ______ for storage, processing, and presentation

A

formatted

78
Q

_______ are the result of formatting disorganized data in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information.

A

Structured data

79
Q

An XML database supports the storage and management of _____ XML data.

A

Semistructured

80
Q

The term ______ __ _______ refers to scattered locations storing the same basic data.

A

Islands of information

81
Q

Which of the following is true of spreadsheet applications?

A

They enhance the user’s ability to understand the data.

82
Q

One advantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is that the database system is considerably less complex. (T/F)

A

False

83
Q

The DBMS uses the _____ ____ to look up the required data component structures and relationships, thus relieving programmers from having to code such complex relationships in each program.

A

Data dictionary

84
Q

Corporations use:

A

All sorts of data types including structured data.

85
Q

An operational database is sometimes referred to as an enterprise database. (T/F)

A

False

86
Q

The organization of data within folders in a manual file system is determined by _____.

A

its expected use

87
Q

Most data that can be encountered are best classified as _____ .

A

Semistructured

88
Q

_____ refer to a type of database that stores most of its data in RAM rather than in hard disks.

A

In-memory databases

89
Q

To reveal meaning, information requires ______

A

context

90
Q

____ _____ is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions.

A

Data integrity

91
Q

________ is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning

A

Information

92
Q

Raw data must be properly ______ for storage, processing and presentation.

A

formatted

93
Q

A _____ is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.

A

Record

94
Q

A data warehouse can store data derived from many sources. (T/F)

A

True

95
Q

Metadata describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database. (T/F)

A

True

96
Q

End-user data is ______.

A

Raw facts of interest to the end user

97
Q

A(n) _____ database supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or a specific department within an organization.

A

Workgroup

98
Q

Data processing is:

A

As simple as organizing data to reveal patterns.

99
Q

_____ exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places.

A

Data inconsistency

100
Q

_____ is the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts.

A

Information

101
Q

________ ________ relates to activities that make a database operate more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.

A

Performance Tuning

102
Q

A ______ is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation.

A

Query

103
Q

_____ relates to the activities that make the database execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.

A

Performance Tuning

104
Q

________ is data about data through which the end-user data are integrated and managed.

A

Metadata

105
Q

The DBMS

A
  • A Database Management System is software that allows users to define, store, maintain, and manage data in a structured and efficient manner.
  • It acts as an intermediary between data and users, allowing disparate data from different applications to be managed.
106
Q

Record

A
  1. A single row of data within a table, containing all the information related to a specific entity.
  2. Essentially acting as a horizontal entry within the table structure
107
Q

What refers to the situation where the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places?

A

Data redundancy

108
Q

________ is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning

A

information

109
Q

________ is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format.

A

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

110
Q

Database programming languages receive all application requests and translate them into the complex operations required to fulfill those requests. (T/F)

A

False

111
Q

What is Data?

A

Data constitutes the building blocks of information.

112
Q

The same data might be:

A

The same data might be simultaneously structured and unstructured depending on the intended processing.

113
Q

Why do you database management systems need updates?

A

Database systems are like any other software on your computer. They need regular updates to fix problems, improve security, and add new features.

114
Q

The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a ______.

A

collection of files

115
Q

The response of the DBMS to a query is the ______.

A

query result set

116
Q

_____ data exist in the format in which they were collected.

A

Unstructured

117
Q

_____ data exist in a format that does not lend itself to processing that yields information.

A

Unstructured

118
Q

A _______ ________ ______ is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.

A

database management system

119
Q

Structural dependence

A
  • The application program is affected by changes in the file structure.
  • If you change how the data is organized (the structure), the program needs to be updated to understand the new organization in order to access the data correctly.
120
Q

An ________ is a spur-of-the-moment question

A

ad hoc query

121
Q

________ exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting an application program’s ability to access data.

A

data independence

122
Q

__________ exists when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places.

A

Data redundancy

123
Q

A desktop database is a _____ database

A

single-user

124
Q

_____ serve as the intermediary between the user and the database.

A

DBMSs

125
Q

Data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the_____.

A

Operational Databases

126
Q

A _____ is a collection of related records.

A

File

127
Q

A(n) _______ _______ develops when all required changes in the redundant data are not made successfully.

A

Data anomaly

128
Q

____ ________ exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.

A

Data inconsistency

129
Q

The term _____ refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment.

A

Database system

130
Q

Data Integrity

A

Defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions.

131
Q

A _____ is a character or group of characters that has a specific meaning.

A

Field

132
Q

_______ databases focus primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions.

A

Analytical

133
Q

______ provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database.

A

Metadata

134
Q

A(n) _____ might be written by a programmer or it might be created through a DBMS utility program.

A

application

135
Q

A workgroup database is a(n) _____ database.

A

multiuser

C175 Data Management Foundations (9 decks)

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