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C175 Data Management Foundations > My Addition > Flashcards

My Addition Flashcards

1
Q

What is data?

A

Data can exist in various forms such as numeric, textual, visual, or audio, and is used to describe real-world systems.

Data is essential for understanding and analyzing different aspects of reality.

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2
Q

Based on scope, how can data be characterized?

A
  1. global data: accessible to everyone within a system
  2. scoped data: restricted to specific users or groups, allowing access only to a defined subset of information within the system

Data varies in scope, format, and access.

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3
Q

How can data be represented?

A

Data can be represented as numbers, text, images, audio, or video.

Different formats allow for diverse applications of data in various fields.

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4
Q

What does data access refer to?

A
  • Data can be private to organizations or
  • Publicly available due to regulations.

This distinction is crucial for understanding data privacy and sharing policies.

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5
Q

What was the historical context of data?

A
  1. Historically, data was mostly analog, encoded as continuous variations on various physical media.
  2. Today, data is mostly digital, encoded as zeros and ones on electronic and magnetic media.

This transition has enabled the development of large databases.

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6
Q

What is an information management system?

A

An information management system is a software application that manages corporate data for a specific business function.

These systems are vital for efficient data handling in organizations.

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7
Q

What components typically comprise an information management system?

comprise: consist of

A

An information management system usually includes:
* A database system
* A user interface
* Business logic
* Interfaces to other systems

These components work together to facilitate data management.

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8
Q

What are the primary roles in database management?

A

Roles in database management include:

  1. Database Administrator root account
  2. Database Designer
  3. Database Programmer
  4. Database User

Each role has distinct responsibilities crucial for effective database operation.

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9
Q

What is the role of a Database Administrator?

A

A Database Administrator ensures security and user access.

This role is critical for protecting sensitive data.

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10
Q

What does a Database Designer do?

A

A Database Designer structures the data and database format for quick access.

Effective design is key to database performance.

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11
Q

What is the responsibility of a Database Programmer?

A

A Database Programmer writes applications using databases.

This role bridges the gap between users and data.

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12
Q

Who are Database Users?

A

Database Users: consume data, request, or update information.

Users play a vital role in leveraging data for decision-making.

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13
Q

What defines a Database?

A

Databases are defined as organized collections of data.

This organization enables efficient data retrieval and management.

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14
Q

What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?

A

A DBMS is software that manages databases, ensuring security and consistency.

It acts as an intermediary between users and the database.

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15
Q

What is a Query Language?

A

A specialized programming languages to retrieve or manipulate data in databases.

SQL is one of the most commonly used query languages.

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16
Q

What is a Database Application?

A

A Database Application is software for users to interact more easily with databases.

These applications enhance user experience and accessibility.

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17
Q

These are Examples of :
* data.gov (U.S. government data)
* cancer.gov/research (cancer research data)
* kaggle.com (community-driven data sets)
* data.nasa.gov (NASA’s data)
* opendata.cityofnewyork.us (data from NYC)

A

These are examples of public data sources

Public data sets are valuable for research and analysis.

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18
Q

True or False: Data is primarily analog in today’s context.

A

False

Today, data is predominantly digital.

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19
Q

What are the key requirements of database systems?

A
  • Performance
  • Authorization
  • Security
  • Rules
  • Recovery

These requirements ensure effective management of data and user access.

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20
Q

What types of database systems are most commonly used?

A
  • Relational databases (using SQL)
  • Non-relational databases (NoSQL)

NoSQL databases have emerged to handle large volumes of less structured data.

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21
Q

Database systems are more suitable than file systems for large, complex databases, because?

A

Database systems provide better performance, security, and data recovery.

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of transaction management in database systems?

A
  1. Ensure complete transaction processing
  2. Prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions
  3. Ensure transaction results are saved

These characteristics maintain data integrity and consistency.

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23
Q

What does ACID stand for in the context of relational databases?

A
  • Atomicity
  • Consistency
  • Isolation
  • Durability

These properties ensure reliable transaction processing.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Relational databases store data in _______.

A

tables

Each table represents a specific entity and maintains relationships with other tables.

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25
Q

What are some advantages of relational databases?

A
  • Structured data organization
  • Flexibility in Scalability & querying
  • Data redundancy control
  • Support for transactions
  • Data security & integrity
  • Widely supported and standardized

These advantages make relational databases effective for various applications.

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26
Q

What role do NoSQL databases serve in modern data management?

A
  • Big Variety of Real-Time data handling
  • Flexible schema
  • High availability and scalability
  • Integration with cloud systems
  • Support for various applications

NoSQL databases complement relational databases by providing flexibility and performance for unstructured data.

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27
Q

What are the main components of a database system?

A
  • Query processor
  • Storage manager
  • Transaction manager
  • Log
  • Catalog (data dictionary)

Each component has specific functions that contribute to the overall operation of the database system.

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28
Q

What is the function of a catalog in a database system?

A

It serves as a directory containing metadata about database objects.

This metadata helps other components understand how to access and manipulate data effectively.

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29
Q

What is a limitation of file systems compared to database systems?

A
  • Inability to manage concurrent access effectively
  • Lack of security features
  • No enforcement of data integrity

These limitations can lead to data corruption and inconsistencies.

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30
Q

How does a database avoid issues arising from simultaneous access?

A

Databases provide mechanisms such as managing reading and writing to shared data which prevent conflicts and ensures data integrity.

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31
Q

What might happen if two programs access a text file simultaneously?

A
  • One program may miss updates made by the other
  • Data corruption may occur
  • Inconsistent data may be read

These issues highlight the limitations of file systems in managing concurrent data access.

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32
Q

What are the four common CRUD operations?

A

Create, Read, Update, Delete

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33
Q

What does the Create operation do in CRUD?

A

Inserts new records into a database

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34
Q

What does the Read operation do in CRUD?

A

Retrieves existing records from a database

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35
Q

What does the Update operation do in CRUD?

A

Modifies existing records in a database

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36
Q

What does the Delete operation do in CRUD?

A

Removes records from a database

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37
Q

What is the primary focus of CRUD operations?

A

Direct manipulation of data within the database

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38
Q

Which SQL command is used for the Create operation?

A

INSERT

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39
Q

Which SQL command is used for the Read operation?

A

SELECT

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40
Q

Which SQL command is used for the Update operation?

A

UPDATE

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41
Q

Which SQL command is used for the Delete operation?

A

DELETE

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42
Q

What does ACID stand for in the context of database transactions?

A

Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

Learn more

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43
Q

CRUD operations does not include:?

A

schema management commands

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44
Q

What are schema operations in database management?

A

Commands that manage database structure

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45
Q

What do access control commands like GRANT and REVOKE manage?

A

User permissions and access to data

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46
Q

What is the SQL CREATE TABLE statement used for?

A

To define a new table and its columns

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47
Q

SQL is the primary language used for writing _______ in relational database systems.

A

queries

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48
Q

What data type is used to store integer values in SQL?

A

INT

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49
Q

What data type is used to store textual values in SQL?

A

VARCHAR

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50
Q

What is the main function of SQL in database management?

A

To interact with relational databases through commands that manage data.

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51
Q

What does the SELECT statement enable users to do?

A

Retrieve specific data from one or more tables

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52
Q

What is the purpose of database administration in SQL?

A

Control database management tasks, including backup, restore, and overall administration

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53
Q

What does the DECIMAL data type store in SQL?

A

Fractional numeric values

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54
Q

What does the DATE data type in SQL store?

A

Year, month, and day

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55
Q

While some NoSQL databases might offer some level of _____1___, it’s not a defining feature.

A
  1. SQL compatibility ; NoSQL are named for their distinction from traditional SQL databases.
  2. NoSQL databases often use different query languages or data models.
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56
Q

What is an Attribute?

A
  1. In essence, an attribute is a characteristic of something.
  2. But a Unnecessary attribute can be removed without losing the ability to uniquely identify each row.
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57
Q

relational model development

A
  • Developed by E. F. Codd of IBM in 1970, the relational model is based on mathematical set theory and represents data as independent relations
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58
Q

Refer to the ER

CustomerID is:

A

Columns that refer to a foreign key have an empty bullet prefix.

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59
Q

Refer to the ER

The arrow from Sale to Book corresponds to which column of Sale?

A

The BookID

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60
Q

Refer to the ER

What element of the ER diagram does the BookAuthor table implement?

A

Writes

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61
Q

What are the two parts of logical design?

A
  1. Either a specification for tables, keys, and columns, or
  2. The process that creates the specification
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62
Q

A schema is depicted in:

A

A schema specifies the result of logical design, not the result of analysis.

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63
Q

Refer to the ER

What is ‘Writes’?

A
  • Author-Writes-Book is a relationship between the Author and Book entities.
  • Relationships are depicted as lines on ER diagrams.
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64
Q

Refer to the ER

What is ‘Category’?

A

Category appears inside the Book rectangle. Therefore Category is an attribute.

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65
Q

Refer to the ER

What is ‘Sale’?

A

Entities are depicted as rectangles on ER diagrams.

A sale is a thing tracked in the database, with properties unit price, quantity, and date

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66
Q

What are the three phases of the database design process for large, complex databases?

A
  1. Analysis/conceptual
  2. Logical Design
  3. Physical Design
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67
Q

In ER diagrams, what do rectangles represent?

A

Entities

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68
Q

What do lines between rectangles in ER diagrams represent?

A

Relationships

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69
Q

What is depicted inside rectangles and below entity names in ER diagrams?

A

Attributes

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70
Q

What is SQL identified as?

A

The standard relational query language

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71
Q

SQL is not considered a fully programming language like its counterparts $$?

A

While SQL is a powerful language for managing data, it’s not generally considered a full-fledged programming language like Python or Java

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72
Q

What is an API in the context of database programming?

A

A library of procedures or classes that connects a host programming language to a database

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73
Q

What is an example of an API for Java?

A

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) an (API) that allows Java programs to connect to databases

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74
Q

What role do cursors play in database programming?

A

They help bridge the gap between SQL and host languages

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75
Q

What does the logical design phase implement?

A

Database requirements in a specific database system

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76
Q

In a relational database, what do keys identify?

A

Individual rows of a table

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77
Q

What is a database schema?

A

The logical design specified in SQL, depicted in a table diagram

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78
Q

What do solid bullets (●) indicate in table diagrams?

A

Key columns

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79
Q

What is the overall process of determining and implementing database requirements called?

A

Database design

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80
Q

What does the analysis phase of database design involve?

Intertwined with conceptual

A

Gathering and documenting database requirements

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81
Q

What principle states that physical design affects query performance but not query results?

A

Data independence

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82
Q

What is the difference between logical design and physical design?

A
  1. Logical design structures data requirements
  2. Physical design focuses on storage details and indexing
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83
Q

What is information independence often used interchangeably with?

A

Data independence

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84
Q

What is the purpose of the physical design phase?

A

To determine how the database will be stored physically, including indexing strategies

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85
Q

Fill in the blank: A database design is defined as the specification of database objects such as tables, columns, data types, and _______.

A

Indexes

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86
Q

How does data independence benefit relational databases?

A

It allows changes to the physical design without impacting application programs

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87
Q

True or False: Logical design is more important for database users and programmers than physical design.

A

True

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88
Q

What is the visual representation of database requirements in the analysis phase?

A

Entity-Relationship (ER) diagrams

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89
Q

What does the logical design phase result in?

A

Tables, keys, and columns

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90
Q

What affects the speed of query processing in a relational database?

A

Physical design

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91
Q

What is MySQL?

A

A leading relational database management system (RDBMS) sponsored by Oracle

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92
Q

What does RDBMS stand for?

A

Relational Database Management System

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93
Q

What is SQL?

A

Structured Query Language, a standard programming language for managing databases

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94
Q

What is an API?

A

Application Programming Interface, a set of routines and tools for building software

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95
Q

What operating systems does MySQL run on?

A

Windows, Linux, Unix, and macOS

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96
Q

What are the two editions of MySQL?

A
  • MySQL Community (free edition)
  • MySQL Enterprise (paid edition)
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97
Q

What is the MySQL Command-Line Client?

A

A lightweight SQL shell (text interface) that allows users to interact with a MySQL server:

  1. Create and manage databases and tables,
  2. Add new rows
  3. Fetch data
  4. Connect to a server on a remote or local host
  5. Specify a database to connect to
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98
Q

How do you start the MySQL Command-Line Client?

A
  1. Open Command Prompt (Windows)
  2. Terminal (macOS)
  3. Enter the appropriate command
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99
Q

What happens when an SQL statement is incorrectly written in MySQL?

A

MySQL returns error codes for troubleshooting

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100
Q

What is MySQL Workbench?

A

A graphical user interface (GUI) tool for interacting with MySQL Server

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101
Q

What can users do with MySQL Workbench?

A
  • Execute SQL commands
  • Manage databases visually
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102
Q

What is the root account in MySQL?

A

The account with the highest privileges that can create other user accounts

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103
Q

What must users enter to connect to MySQL through the Command-Line Client?

A

The root password set during installation

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104
Q

Fill in the blank: MySQL returns error codes when an SQL statement is ______.

A

incorrectly written

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105
Q

What is the command to start the MySQL Command-Line Client with a username?

A

Use the -u option followed by the username

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106
Q

What is the purpose of the SELECT statement in SQL?

A

To retrieve data from a database

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107
Q

ERROR 1064 (42000): Syntax error

This is an example of _?

A

An example of an error code in MySQL?

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108
Q

Where can users find the latest versions of MySQL Server?

A

The MySQL download page

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109
Q

What does the MySQL Installation Video for Windows cover?

A

Installation steps and configurations for MySQL Server on Windows

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110
Q

True or False: The root account password is set during MySQL installation.

111
Q

Does the MySQL Command-Line Client provide a graphical interface?

A

No, it is a text-based interface

112
Q

What must be clicked to execute SQL statements in MySQL Workbench?

A

The lightning bolt icon

113
Q

What is the first step to download MySQL?

A

Navigate to the MySQL download page

114
Q

What is the Sakila database used for?

A

Learning and practicing SQL commands

115
Q

What is the overall MySQL ranking compared to all database systems?

A

2

Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL

116
Q

What does MySQL Documentation - Problems and Common Errors provide?

A

Solutions to frequently encountered issues and errors

117
Q

Fill in the blank: MySQL Workbench allows users to manage databases ______.

118
Q

What is the purpose of the MySQL Documentation - Installation?

A

Guide on the installation process for MySQL

119
Q

What is the MySQL Workbench home screen used for?

A

To connect to MySQL Server running on the same computer

120
Q

How can users troubleshoot issues in MySQL?

A

Refer to the problems and common errors documentation

121
Q

Are these tables the same?

{ (8, mango, FALSE), (-11, watermelon, FALSE) }
{ (-11, watermelon, FALSE), (8, mango, FALSE) }

A

Both tables contain the same rows. Since a table is a set, the order of the rows does not matter.

122
Q

Explain this action

A
  1. A query selects a specific row by specifying one or more row values.
  2. This selects rows with the value 2594 in the EmployeeID column. If each row has a different value, only one row is selected.
  3. In this example, the result of the query would be “Jane Doe”.
123
Q

What were the dominant database models in the 1960s and 1970s?

A

Hierarchical and network databases

124
Q

Which terms are commonly used in database processing?

A

Table, column, row, data type

125
Q

What are the equivalent mathematical terms for relation, attribute, tuple, and domain?

A
  1. Relation: Table
  2. Attribute: Column
  3. Tuple: Row
  4. Domain: Data Type
126
Q

What operation selects a specific row by specifying one or more row values?

127
Q

What does the SELECT query do in relational databases?

A

Selects specific rows from a table based on conditions

128
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ operation eliminates one or more columns of a table.

129
Q

What is the function of the JOIN operation in relational databases?

A

Combines two tables by comparing related columns.

UNION: Combines result sets vertically without comparing columns.

130
Q

List the fundamental relational operations.

A
  • Select
  • Project
  • Join
  • Union
  • Intersect
  • Aggregate
131
Q

Why is the result of a relational operation not stored in the database?

A
  1. Relational operations (like SELECT, JOIN) produce temporary result sets, not permanent changes to the database.
  2. Databases store base tables with raw data; storing every result would be redundant and inefficient.

Ex- the list of books you find isn’t stored in the library, it’s just a temporary result of your search.

132
Q

What are SQL constraints used for in relational databases?

A

To enforce relational rules and maintain data integrity

133
Q

What is a primary key constraint?

A

Ensures that each table has a unique identifier

134
Q

What does a foreign key constraint establish?

A

A link between two tables by referencing a primary key

135
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ constraint ensures that a column cannot contain null values.

136
Q

What is the purpose of a check constraint in a database?

A

To enforce specific conditions on data in a column

137
Q

Define the term ‘Delete Cascade’ in the context of relational databases.

A

Automatically deletes related records when a record in one table is deleted

138
Q

What is the significance of unique employee identifiers in a database?

A

Ensures that no two employees share the same ID

139
Q

List some common business rules in relational databases.

A
  • Valid entries in required fields
  • Salary constraints
  • Department code validity
  • Product availability check
140
Q

What is the structure of a table in a relational database?

A

A table has a name, fixed columns, and variable rows

141
Q

A _______ is an unordered collection of elements in set theory.

142
Q

What defines a tuple in set theory?

A

An ordered collection of elements

143
Q

True or False: Table rows in a relational database have an inherent order.

144
Q
  1. Who introduced the relational model and when?
  2. What was the initial hindrance to commercial adoption?
A
  1. E. F. Codd in 1970
  2. As relational databases matured, processing speed rapidly caught up with speedy competitions; non-relational databases.
145
Q

What was the primary goal of the relational model when it was established?

A

To handle transactional data with simplicity

146
Q

What is the role of SQL in relational databases?

A

Standardized language for defining and manipulating relational data

147
Q

List the core operations of relational algebra.

A
  • Select
  • Project
  • Join
  • Union
  • Intersect
  • Aggregate
148
Q

What does the aggregate operation do in relational databases?

A

Computes functions over multiple table rows

such as sum and count

149
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ operation selects rows common to two tables.

150
Q

What type of database model is still dominant despite the emergence of alternatives?

A

Relational database model

151
Q

What do Empty bullets (○) and arrows indicate?

A

foreign keys use empty bullets with arrows pointing to referenced tables

152
Q

What is a foreign key?

A

A foreign key is a column in one table that references the primary key of another table to establish relationships between data.

153
Q

Do column names need to match for foreign keys?

A

No, the column names don’t need to match; what matters is that the values correspond.

154
Q

Can you provide an example of a foreign key relationship?

A

Yes, an Order Table could have a CustomerID column (foreign key) that links to a Customer table’s ID column (primary key).

Even though the column names differ (CustomerID vs ID), the relationship works because the values match.

155
Q

What does the ‘sales’ foreign key indicate to the database?

A

The foreign key tells the database that ‘this order belongs to the customer with this ID.’

156
Q

This displays what type of SQL syntax?

A

Literals

  1. Explicit values that are string, numeric, or binary.
  2. Strings must be surrounded by single quotes or double quotes.
  3. Binary values are represented with x’0’ where the 0 is any hex value.
157
Q

This displays what type of SQL syntax?

A

Keywords

  1. Words with special meaning.
158
Q

This displays what type of SQL syntax?

A

Identifyer

  1. Objects from the database like tables, columns, etc.
159
Q

This displays what type of SQL syntax?

A

Comments

  1. Statement intended only for humans and ignored by the database when parsing an SQL statement.
160
Q

The INSERT statement adds a student to the Student table. How many clauses are in the INSERT statement?

A
  1. The INSERT INTO clause is followed by the VALUES clause.
  2. This INSERT statement consists of two main parts rather than two distinct clauses.
161
Q

The SQL statement below is used to select students with the last name “Smith”. What is wrong with the statement?

A
  1. ‘Single’ or “double” quotes must surround string literals.
  2. The literal “Smith” must be surrounded by single or double quotes
162
Q

What is wrong with the SQL statement

A
  1. In MySQL and most other database systems, all SQL statements require a terminating semicolon.
  2. The semicolon indicates the end of an SQL statement
163
Q

What is wrong with the SQL statement

A
  1. The double dashes preceding the ‘FROM’ clause cause the database to ignore the ‘FROM’ clause; because its a comment.
  2. The ‘FROM’ clause is required in a ‘SELECT’ statement
164
Q

What are the clauses in the image.

A
  1. SELECT
  2. FROM
  3. WHERE
165
Q

What is SQL?

A

SQL is the standard language for relational databases, used for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data.

166
Q

What are the sublanguages of SQL?

A
  1. DCL (Data Control Language)
  2. DDL (Data Definition Language)
  3. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
  4. DQL (Data Query Language)
  5. DTL (Data Transaction Language)
167
Q

What are the main components of SQL syntax?

A
  • Clauses (e.g., SELECT, FROM, WHERE)
  • Keywords (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE)
168
Q

What should you focus on to understand SQL syntax?

A

Mastering the structure of SQL statements, including clauses and keywords.

169
Q

What is a common pitfall to avoid in SQL?

A

Being aware of case sensitivity and proper statement formats to reduce errors.

170
Q

What does the SELECT clause do in SQL?

A

Retrieves data from one or more tables.

171
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ clause specifies the table from which to retrieve data.

172
Q

What is the purpose of the WHERE clause?

A

Filters records based on specified conditions.

173
Q

What does the ORDER BY clause do?

A

Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.

174
Q

What does GROUP BY do in SQL?

A

Groups rows that have the same values in specified columns.

Keyword

175
Q

What is the function of the HAVING clause?

A

Filters groups based on specific conditions

often used with GROUP BY.

176
Q

What does JOIN do in SQL?

A

Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column.

177
Q

What is the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN?

A
  1. INNER JOIN returns matching records from both tables.
  2. LEFT JOIN returns all records from the left table and matched records from the right table.
178
Q

What command is used to add new records to a table?

A

INSERT INTO

179
Q

What is the purpose of the UPDATE command?

A

Modifies existing records in a table.

180
Q

What does the DELETE command do?

A

Removes existing records from a table.

181
Q

The _______ clause specifies the maximum number of records to return.

182
Q

What is a common misunderstanding regarding SQL keywords and identifiers?

A

Keywords are not case-sensitive, while identifiers often are case-sensitive.

183
Q

What is a typical mistake to avoid when writing SQL statements?

A

Forgetting to add semicolons at the end of SQL statements.

184
Q

What is an effective way to master SQL?

A

Regularly practice writing SQL queries on a diverse range of datasets.

185
Q

What are some essential resources for learning SQL?

A
  • Online tutorials (Codecademy, W3Schools)
  • SQL documentation for specific dialects
186
Q

What is a high-impact practice method for mastering SQL?

A

Engage in hands-on projects or datasets available online (Kaggle, etc.).

187
Q

In order to create a new database called [petStore] you would use which statement?

A

CREATE DATABASE; statement

188
Q

In order to deletes the database called [petStore] you would use which statement?

A

DROP DATABASE; statement

189
Q
  1. Assume the database system currently contains only one user database, called university.
  2. Why can’t the statement CREATE DATABASE university; create a second university database.
A

Each database is uniquely named, so two databases named university cannot exist.

190
Q
  1. Assume the database system currently contains only one user database, called university.
  2. The statement DROP DATABASE nonprofit; cannot delete the nonprofit database, because?
A

The statement DROP DATABASE nonprofit; cannot delete the nonprofit database because the nonprofit database does not exist.

191
Q

In order to select the database called world you would?

A

USE world;

192
Q

Which statement must precede a SHOW TABLES statement to see the tables from the world database?

A

USE world;

193
Q

How would you shows all the columns in the Country table

A

SHOW COLUMNS

FROM Country;

194
Q

What is the third columns name?

195
Q

What is this componet

A
  1. 30500 occupies the cell in the Salary column of the second row.
  2. A cell is a single column of a single row.

Aka Field

196
Q

What are the components of a column?

A
  1. A column has both a name and a data type.
  2. The name and data type are specified in the SQL language when a table is created.
197
Q

This is against which rule of governing tables?

A

No duplicate column names

198
Q

This is against which rule of governing tables?

A

Exactly one value per cell

199
Q

This is against which rule of governing tables?

A

A table cannot have multiple rows with identical data

200
Q

Explain each 1,2,3

A

Table Name, Column Name, Column Values

201
Q

The ‘Name’ column contains what type of value?

A

The data type of Name is VARCHAR(60), which specifies values of 0 to 60 characters.

202
Q

Why would the statement DROP Employee; fail to delete the Employee table?

A
  1. It does not include the keyword TABLE.
  2. The correct syntax should be DROP TABLE Employee;
203
Q

Suppose the Table is [‘Department’]

How would add a column called Description to the Department table.

A 
ALTER TABLE Department 
ADD Description VARCHAR(50);
204
Q

Suppose the Table is Department

How would you rename column Description to ShortDesc

A

ALTER TABLE Department CHANGE Description ShortDesc VARCHAR(50);

205
Q

Suppose the Table is Department

How would you change column ShortDesc to accept up to 80 characters.

A 
ALTER TABLE Department 
CHANGE  ShortDesc ShortDesc VARCHAR(80);
206
Q

Suppose the Table is Department

How would you delete the column ShortDesc?

A 
ALTER TABLE Department 
DROP ShortDesc;
207
Q 
SELECT Expression1, Expression2, ... 
FROM TableName;
A
  1. The FROM clause specifies the table from which rows are selected.
  2. The SELECT clause specifies one or more expressions, separated by commas.
  3. Expressions determine what values are returned for each row.

SELECT with expressions

208
Q 
SELECT Column1, Column2, ... 
FROM TableName;
A
  1. The FROM clause specifies the table from which rows are selected.
  2. The SELECT clause specifies one or more expressions, separated by commas.
  3. Expressions determine what values are returned for each row.

SELECT with columns

209
Q 
SELECT *
FROM TableName;
A
  1. The FROM clause specifies the table from which rows are selected.
  2. The SELECT clause specifies one or more expressions, separated by commas.
  3. Expressions determine what values are returned for each row.

SELECT with asterisks | To select all columns

210
Q

What is an expression in SQL?

A

A combination of operators, operands, and parentheses that evaluates to a single value.

211
Q

What are operands in SQL expressions?

A

Column names or fixed values that can vary in data type.

212
Q

What is the purpose of the WHERE clause in a SELECT statement?

A

To filter records from a database table based on specified conditions.

213
Q

What happens if a row does not meet the condition in a WHERE clause?

A

The row is excluded from the result set.

214
Q

What is the significance of operator precedence?

A

It dictates the order in which operators are evaluated in an expression.

215
Q

Which operator has the highest precedence?

A

Parentheses.

216
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering operator precedence?

A

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally; Cats Need Alot Of Love.

217
Q

What types of operators are there in SQL?

A

Arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators.

218
Q

What is the difference between unary and binary operators?

A

Unary operators operate on a single operand; binary operators require two operands.

219
Q

What are the unary operators?

220
Q

What is an example of a binary operator?

221
Q

What does the SELECT statement do in SQL?

A

It queries data, specifying columns to return through the SELECT and FROM clauses.

222
Q

How can you select all columns in a table using SQL?

A

SELECT * FROM TableName

223
Q

What is the LIMIT clause used for in SQL?

A

To restrict the number of rows returned, enhancing query performance.

224
Q

Delete

225
Q

What are the comparison operators in SQL?

A

=, !=, <, >, <=, >=

226
Q

What is the order of operations for evaluating expressions?

A

Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division, Addition/Subtraction, Comparison, NOT, AND, OR

227
Q

Which operator has higher precedence the = operator or the AND operator.

A

The assignment operator = has lower precedence than the logical AND operator

228
Q

What is the CREAT TABLE Statement

A 
CREATE TABLE TableName (
  Column1 DATA_TYPE,
  Column2 DATA_TYPE,
  ...
  ColumnN DATA_TYPE
);
229
Q

What is the DROP TABLE Statement

A 
DROP TABLE TableName
230
Q

What is the CREAT TABLE & DROP TABLE Statement

A 
CREATE TABLE TableName (
  Column1 DATA_TYPE,
  Column2 DATA_TYPE,
  ...
  ColumnN DATA_TYPE
);

DROP TABLE TableName
231
Q

The Name column does not have a default value which means what during value inserts?

CREATE TABLE Employee ( ID SMALLINT UNSIGNED, Name VARCHAR(60), BirthDate DATE DEFAULT '2000-01-01', Salary DECIMAL(7,2) DEFAULT 0.00 );

A

The Name column does not have a default value and is assigned NULL when omitted from an insert

232
Q

Which Columns have assigned a default value of [?] when omitted from an insert?

A
  • The second row uses the BirthDate default when the value is ommited from an insert.
  • The third row uses the Salary default when the value is ommited from an insert.
233
Q
  1. What is the definition of a referential integrity error?
  2. What typically causes this to happen?
A
  1. This is a violation of a relationship between 2 tables in a Relational DB.
  2. This typically happens when a foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table, but the value in the foreign key column does not match any existing values in the primary key column.
234
Q

What is Oracle Database?

A
  1. A highly robust and scalable enterprise-grade database system known for its performance, security features, and stability.
  2. Widely used in large organizations and for mission-critical applications such as financial systems and large-scale e-commerce.
235
Q

What type of database is MySQL?

A

Relational : MySQL is a very popular open-source database known for its speed and reliability, commonly used in web applications.

Open source software is typically free to use and is developed through collaboration.

236
Q

What is the primary purpose of Microsoft SQL Server?

A

A robust database system commonly used in enterprise environments with strong integration with Microsoft products.

Often used for business intelligence and data warehousing.

237
Q

What distinguishes PostgreSQL?

A
  1. A powerful open-source database known for its advanced features and standards compliance.
  2. Excellent for complex data and applications requiring high data integrity.
238
Q

What type of database is MongoDB?

A

NoSQL (Document)

Stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents and is great for handling semi-structured data.

239
Q

What is the purpose of Redis?

A

An in-memory data store often used for caching, session management, and real-time data processing.

Extremely fast for read and write operations.

240
Q

What does Elasticsearch excel at?

A

Full-text search, log analysis, and data visualization.

It is a powerful search and analytics engine.

241
Q

What type of database is IBM DB2?

A

Relational

Known for its reliability and scalability, often used in large organizations with mainframe systems.

242
Q

What is SQLite primarily used for?

A

A lightweight, file-based database commonly embedded in mobile apps and devices.

It requires no server.

243
Q

What is MariaDB?

A

A community-developed fork of MySQL known for its open-source nature and strong community support.

Often seen as a drop-in replacement for MySQL.

244
Q

What type of database is Cassandra?

A

NoSQL (Wide-Column)

Designed for handling massive amounts of data across multiple servers.

245
Q

Oracle Database is widely used in _______.

A

large organizations and for mission-critical applications

246
Q

Is MySQL is primarily used for enterprise-level applications?

A

No; MySQL is commonly used for web applications, particularly those built with PHP.

PHP: free, open source programming language that uses the server-side (the code is executed on the server).

247
Q

List three example uses of PostgreSQL.

A
  • Geospatial applications
  • Scientific data management
  • Financial systems
248
Q

What is the main feature of Redis?

A

Extremely fast for read and write operations.

It is often used for caching and session management.

249
Q

Elasticsearch is often used for _______ monitoring.

250
Q

What is a common use of SQLite?

A

Mobile apps (iOS, Android)

SQLite is a lightweight database that requires no server.

251
Q

What type of data does MongoDB handle well?

A

Semi-structured data

It stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents.

252
Q

What is Oracle Database?

A
  1. A highly robust and scalable enterprise-grade database system known for its performance, security features, and stability.
  2. Widely used in large organizations and for mission-critical applications such as financial systems and large-scale e-commerce.
253
Q

What type of database is MySQL?

A

Relational

It is a very popular open-source database known for its speed and reliability, commonly used in web applications.

254
Q

What is the primary purpose of Microsoft SQL Server?

A

A robust database system commonly used in enterprise environments with strong integration with Microsoft products.

Often used for business intelligence and data warehousing.

255
Q

What distinguishes PostgreSQL?

A
  1. A powerful open-source database known for its advanced features and standards compliance.
  2. Excellent for complex data and applications requiring high data integrity.
256
Q

What type of database is MongoDB?

A
  • NoSQL (Document)
  • Stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents and is great for handling semi-structured data.
257
Q

What is the purpose of Redis?

A

An in-memory data store often used for caching, session management, and real-time data processing.

Extremely fast for read and write operations.

258
Q

What does Elasticsearch excel at?

A

Full-text search, log analysis, and data visualization.

It is a powerful search and analytics engine.

259
Q

What type of database is IBM DB2?

A

Relational

Known for its reliability and scalability, often used in large organizations with mainframe systems.

260
Q

What is SQLite & it’s primarily use?

A

A lightweight, file-based database commonly embedded in mobile apps and devices.

It requires no server.

261
Q

What is MariaDB?

A

A community-developed fork of MySQL known for its open-source nature and strong community support.

Often seen as a drop-in replacement for MySQL.

262
Q

What type of database is Cassandra?

A
  1. NoSQL (Wide-Column)
  2. Designed for handling massive amounts of data across multiple servers.
263
Q

Oracle Database is widely used in _______.

A

large organizations and for mission-critical applications

264
Q

MySQL is primarily used for w⃟h⃟a⃟t⃟ applications.

A

MySQL is commonly used for web applications, particularly those built with PHP.

265
Q
  • Geospatial applications
  • Scientific data management
  • Financial systems

These three example are uses of p⃟o⃟s⃟t⃟g⃟r⃟e⃟.

A

These three example are uses of PostgreSQL.

266
Q

What is the main feature of Redis?

A

Extremely fast for read and write operations.

It is often used for caching and session management.

267
Q

Elasticsearch is often used for _______ monitoring.

268
Q

What is a common use of SQLite?

A

Mobile apps (iOS, Android)

SQLite is a lightweight database that requires no server.

269
Q

What type of data does MongoDB handle well?

A

Semi-structured data

It stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents.

270
Q

What commands change the database?

A

Insert, update, and delete

These commands modify the data in the database.

271
Q

Which command does not change the database?

A

Select

The select query retrieves data without altering it.

272
Q

Are insert, select, update, and delete the only types of commands necessary to interact with a database system?

A

No Other commands are necessary to create and delete databases, tables, columns, and other database objects.

273
Q

What is the most common database commands?

A

Insert, select, update, and delete

These commands are frequently used to manage data.

274
Q

What must be present in the database for an update query to work?

A

Data

An update query requires existing data to modify.

C175 Data Management Foundations (30 decks)

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