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IGCSE Physics > P4+P11 Waves, Light and Sound > Flashcards

P4+P11 Waves, Light and Sound Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the relationship between ANGLE OF INCIDENCE and ANGLE OF REFLECTION?

A

equal

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2
Q

how do you measure the angle of REFLECTION?

A

the angle between the normal and the reflected ray

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3
Q

characteristics of REFLECTION (4)

A

same size
same distance
laterally inverted image
virtual image

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4
Q

explain what happens during REFRACTION

A

light enters a different medium → CHANGES SPEED → BENDS (at an angle of refraction)

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5
Q

when light enters a MORE DENSE medium…

A

slows down

bends towards the normal

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6
Q

when light enters a LESS DENSE medium…

A

speeds up

bends away from normal

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7
Q

define REFRACTIVE INDEX

A

a measure of how much a material SLOWS DOWN the light that passes through it

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8
Q

how do you calculate the refractive index? (2)

A

speed of light in air / speed of light in substance

= sin (angle in air) / sin (angle in substance)

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9
Q

what is TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION?

what is the condition for it to occur?

A

when ALL LIGHT REFLECT and NONE REFRACT;

it occurs when angle of incidence beyond critical angle

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10
Q

what is the CRITICAL ANGLE?

A

the angle beyond which total internal reflection occurs

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11
Q

what are OPTICAL FIBERS? what does the diagram look like?

A

angle of incidence > critical angle → light always internally reflects

check diagram in notes:)

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12
Q

uses of OPTICAL FIBERS

A
  • periscope for communication

* endoscope for medicine

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13
Q

what are CONVEX LENSES?

A

converging lenses

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14
Q

what is the FOCAL POINT in convex lenses?

A

where the rays meet

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15
Q

what is the FOCAL LENGTH in convex lenses?

A

distance between center of the lens and focal point

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16
Q

how do you draw RAY DIAGRAMS?

A

1st ray: parallel to principal axis until center, through focal point

2nd ray: through the center

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17
Q

example of a REAL+DIMINISHED image

A

camera

eyes

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18
Q

example of a REAL+ENLARGED image

A

projector

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19
Q

example of a VIRTUAL+ENLARGED image

A

magnifying glass

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20
Q

what’s the difference between REAL and VIRTUAL image?

A

real can be projected onto a screen; virtual cannot

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21
Q

properties of all ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

A
  • transverse
  • don’t require particles to travel
  • same speed of 3x10^8 m/s
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22
Q

state all types of ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

in the order of wave energy, from least to most

A

radio - micro - infrared - visible light - uv - xray - gamma

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23
Q

use of RADIOWAVE

A

broadcast

radar

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24
Q

use of MICROWAVE

A

microwave oven/satellite/mobile phone communication

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25
use of INFRARED RADIATION
``` thermal imaging (medical disgnosis, intruder alarm, etc.) remote controls ```
26
use of VISIBLE LIGHT
sensation of sight | optical fiber
27
use of UV
disinfection
28
use of X-RAY
x-ray pictures | checking banned materials
29
use of GAMMA RAY
cancer treatments
30
danger of MICROWAVE
could cause burns inside body
31
danger of UV
sunburn | skin cancer
32
danger of X-RAY
over-exposure damages cells
33
danger of GAMMA RAY
kills living cells | damages DNA
34
what is one way of PROTECTION against X-RAYS?
protective suit made of LEAD (absorbs x-rays)
35
what do waves transfer? | what do waves not tranfer?
waves transfer ENERGY; not matter
36
define a WAVE (2)
``` oscillation/vibration (1) transfers energy (1) ```
37
explain the difference between TRANSVERSE and LONGITUDINAL waves
T: direction of vibration PERPENDICULAR to direction of energy transfer L: direction of vibration is PARALLEL to direction of energy transfer
38
draw a diagram of TRANSVERSE WAVE, label all important parts
check notes:)
39
draw a diagram of LONGITUDINAL WAVE, label all important parts
check notes:)
40
T: how do you measure WAVELENGTH?
distance from crest to crest/trough to trough
41
T: how do you measure AMPLITUDE?
from equilibrium to crest/trough
42
L: how do you measure WAVELENGTH?
distance between successive compressions/rarefactions
43
L: | what are COMPRESSIONS? what are RAREFACTIONS?
C: high particle density → high pressure R: low particle density → low pressure
44
examples of TRANSVERSE waves
light, water, slinky
45
examples of LONGITUDINAL waves
sound, slinky
46
what is FREQUENCY? | what unit is it measured in?
number of oscillations in 1s / complete waves passing a given point in 1s hertz (Hz)
47
what is WAVE SPEED? what unit is it measured in?
distance moved by the wave in 1s m/s
48
what's the equation for wave speed, frequency and wavelength?
wave speed = frequency • wavelength v =  f • λ 
49
draw CIRCULAR WAVES | label the wavefronts + direction of wave spreading
circular wavefronts + wave spreads in all directions + wavefront perpendicular to direction that wave spreads *check diagram in notes!
50
draw PLANE WAVES | label the wavefronts + direction of wave spreading
vertical+parallel wavefronts + wave spreads horizontally + wavefront perpendicular to direction that wave spreads *check diagram in notes!
51
define REFLECTION in terms of waves
as waves bounce off a surface, they CHANGE DIRECTION
52
does wave speed change in REFLECTION?
no
53
define REFRACTION in terms of waves
as waves pass through a different medium, they CHANGE SPEED + DIRECTION
54
define DIFFRACTION in terms of waves
as waves pass through a GAP, they SPREAD outwards
55
draw a diagram for REFLECTION, label the wavefronts
check notes:)
56
draw a diagram for REFRACTION, label the wavefronts
check notes:)
57
draw a diagram for DIFFRACTION, label the wavefronts
check notes:)
58
what type of waves are SOUND waves? can it travel in vacuum?
longitudinal; no
59
what type of waves are LIGHT waves? can it travel in vacuum?
transverse; yes
60
what's the SPEED OF SOUND in air?
330 m/s
61
what's the SPEED OF LIGHT?
always 3x10^8 m/s
62
what makes a sound LOUDER?
LARGER vibration → increased AMPLITUDE → increased loudness
63
what makes a sound HIGHER PITCHED?
FASTER vibration → increased FREQUENCY → increased pitch
64
what is the range of human hearing?
20 Hz - 20,000 Hz
65
what are INFRASOUND and ULTRASOUND? what are their uses?
INFRASOUND: too LOW frequency for human to hear → detect earthquake ULTRASOUND: too HIGH frequency for human to hear → sonar, ultrasonic scans
66
draw a diagram for REFLECTION OF LIGHT, label the rays + normal + angles
check notes:)
67
draw a diagram for REFRACTION OF LIGHT, label the rays + normal + angles
check notes:)

IGCSE Physics (9 decks)

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