P2 Kinetic Theory Flashcards
what is the kinetic theory?
all matters are made up of many SMALL PARTICLES in CONSTANT MOTION, and their movement is based upon how much ENERGY they have
how are the particles ARRANGED in solid, liquid, and gas? how does this affect their compressibility?
s: regularly arranged, closely packed (incompressible)
l: irregularly arranged, closely packed (incompressible)
g: irregularly arranged, far apart (compressible)
how do particles VIBRATE/MOVE in solid, liquid, and gas? how does this affect their shape?
s: vibrate about a fixed position (fixed shape)
l: vibrate+move randomly (no fixed shape)
g: move randomly at a high speed (no fixed shape)
how strong are the intermolecular forces in solid, liquid, and gas?
s: strong force
l: weak force
g: nearly no force
what is the brownian motion?
- particles in liquid/gas MOVE RANDOMLY as they are BOMBARDED by the other particles
- larger particles can be moved by light, fast moving particles
why happens when you HEAT A MATTER?
what is this phenomenon called?
why does it happen?
matters EXPAND when heated - THERMAL EXPANSION
this happens because the particles gain MORE ENERGY → VIBRATE/MOVE FASTER → FURTHER APART → volume increases
why does gas expand the most in thermal expansion?
particles are not bonded and free to move → particles move faster and further apart
what is the science behind thermometers?
thermal expansion
temp. increases → liquid expands → goes up the capillary tube
what is the RANGE of a thermometer?
the difference between max. and min. temperature it can measure
what is the SENSITIVITY of a thermometer?
how small a change it can measure
why is important for a thermometer’s capillary tube to have a CONSTANT DIAMETER?
to ensure a linear scale
why do we use FIXED POINTS for temperature?
to CALIBRATE the thermometer to ensure an ACCURATE measurement
why is a thermometer’s capillary tube made thin?
for better SENSITIVITY
as a small expansion of the liquid causes a big change in length thread
what happens when a substance is heated?
3
particle gain energy
→ vibrate+move further apart
→ bonds are broken
what happens when a substance is cooled?
3
particle lose energy
→ vibrate/move less, get closer
→ bonds reform
