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CardioResp > (P4) Oncology > Flashcards

(P4) Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • Name given to a group of related diseases
  • occurs as a result of genetic mutations
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2
Q

What is a tumour?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of a normal tissue

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3
Q

How can cancer be prevented?

A
  • Smoking cessation
  • Eating healthy
  • Exercise regularly
  • Reduce alcohol intake
  • Sun smart
  • Reduce processed red meats
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4
Q

What is metastatic cancer?

A
  • advanced or secondary cancer
  • cancer spread to another part of the body
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5
Q

What is the aim of treatment for metastatic cancer?

A

Control the cancer rather than cure it

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6
Q

Where can cancers metastasise?

A
  • in blood
  • in lymphatic system
  • by direct invasion
  • across body cavities
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7
Q

What are the different types of cancer?

A
  • Brain and SC
  • Carcinomas
  • Sarcomas
  • Leukemia
  • Lymphoma and Myeloma
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8
Q

How is cancer diagnosed?

A
  • Breast and bowel screening
  • Blood test
  • Biopsy
  • Lumbar puncture
  • CT & MRI
  • Tumour markers
  • Cytology
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9
Q

What is staging?

A
  • Used to define the size and spread of the cancer
  • TNM commonly used
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10
Q

What are the 5 stages of staging?

A

O = Carcinoma in situ
I = localised
II = early localised advanced
III = late locally advanced
IV = Metastasized

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11
Q

What is the medical treatment for cancer?

A
  • chemotherapy
  • immunotherapy
  • radiotherapy
  • hormone therapy
  • stem cell transplant
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12
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Is a treatment with cytotoxic drugs, which control cancer by killing cells during the process of cell division

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13
Q

What are the aims of chemotherapy?

A
  • reduce size tumour
  • kill cancer cells in the body
  • reduce risk or reoccurrence
  • control growth or spread
  • easing cancer symptoms
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14
Q

What are side effects of chemotherapy?

A
  • bone marrow toxicity
  • neutropenia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • urinary toxicity
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • cardiac toxicity
  • constipation
  • anxiety & depression
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15
Q

What are the different chemotherapy toxicities?

A
  • msk
  • pulmonary
  • cardiac
  • neurological
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16
Q

What are some general side affects of radiotherapy?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Skin reactions
  • Anaemia
  • Infertility
  • Tissue fibrosis
17
Q

What are biomarkers?

A

are substances produced by the cancer cells or other cells in the body

18
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

uses the power and complexity of the immune system to find and attack the cancer cells, leaving the healthy cells alone

19
Q

What surgical treatment is available?

A
  • Diagnostic
  • Radical
  • Prophylactic
  • Reconstructive
  • Palliative
20
Q

What is the aim of cancer rehabilitation?

A

attempts to maximise the patients ability to function, to promote their independence and to help them adapt to their condition

21
Q

What are the goals of cancer rehab?

A
  • predicting disability and intervening to prevent
  • return patient to normal with minimal handicap
  • support for patient if there is disability
  • goals need to be adaptive and flexible
22
Q

What are the roles of the respiratory physio?

A
  • ACBT
  • Pre & post op advice
  • mobilisation
  • intubation & ventilation
  • tracheostomy care
  • nebulisers
  • humidification
  • suction
23
Q

What are the results of a brain tumour?

A
  • cognitive dysfunction
  • physical dysfunction
  • loss of independence
  • personality changes
24
Q

What is the physio treatment for a patient with a brain tumour?

A
  • maximise & optimise strength
  • advice positioning, posture
  • head/neck & trunk control
  • mobility & transfers
  • balance & gait
  • home exercises
  • activity modification
25
Q

How do bone mets present?

A
  • spontaneous pain local bone area
  • severe & difficult to relieve
  • more prominent night
  • continuous pain
26
Q

What is the medical management of bone mets?

A
  • bedrest until plan if high risk fracture
  • surgery
  • radiotherapy
  • bone targets agents
  • endocrine therapy
27
Q

What is the physio management of bone mets?

A
  • clear discussion mdt
  • careful consideration of other issues (e.g use crutches)
  • aim reduce WB in specific bone
  • car transfers for LL mets
  • reduce fall risk
28
Q

What are the guidelines for exercise & bone mets?

A
  • Physical activity improves outcomes
  • Patients encouraged be as active as possible
  • Patients should be aware of worrying signs & symptoms
29
Q

What is spinal cord compression?

A

Direct pressure &/or vertebral collapse or instability by metastatic spread or direct extension of malignancy that threatens to cause neurological disability

30
Q

What are signs of spinal cord compression?

A
  • weakness in limbs
  • altered sensation
  • back pain
  • urinary retention
  • UMN signs
  • saddle anaesthesia
31
Q

What is initial management for MSCC?

A
  • Ax 4 cardinal signs
  • baseline status
  • resp care
  • breathing status & infection control
  • PROM, AROM, AAROM
32
Q

What is an example of on going rehab for a patient with MSCC?

A
  • sitting 15 degrees (30 to 45 to 60 etc)
  • assess sitting balance
  • transfers
  • standing / walking
  • ADLs
  • Max independence in a wheelchair
33
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

A condition that involves swelling in the arm or leg as a result of a blockage of the lymphatic system

34
Q

What are symptoms of lymphoedema?

A
  • persistent swelling
  • enhanced skin folds
  • tightness
  • discomfort / pain
  • psychological issues
35
Q

What is the treatment for lymphoedema?

A
  • skin care
  • SLD/MLD
  • compression hosiery
  • exercise
36
Q

What is done during palliative care?

A
  • complex discharge planning
  • transfer practice
  • use of hoist etc
  • mobility
  • slings / braces
  • educating families
37
Q

What is the relationship between exercise and cancer?

A
  • safe and effective during cancer treatment
  • essential treatment in oncology
  • guidelines same as general population
38
Q

What are the exercise guidelines for cancer survivors?

A
  • Aerobic 3 times a week (30-60 mins)
  • Resistance 2 times a week
39
Q

What are the benefits of exercise in oncology?

A
  • improves survival
  • prevents new cancers
  • reduces disease progression
  • reduces anxiety
  • less fatigue
  • better QOL & function
  • improve tolerance & recovery

CardioResp (9 decks)

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