(6) Cardiovascular System

Question 1

How much blood goes to the muscles during exercise?

Answer 1

84%

Question 2

What affects myocardial blood flow in the heart?

Answer 2

• changes in aortic pressure
• compression myocardial vessels

Question 3

What is a coronary artery bypass?

Answer 3

• treats the buildup of plaques in the arteries in the heart

Question 4

How is the blood supply of an artery measured?

Answer 4

coronary angiogram

Question 5

Why do you do a warm up?

Answer 5

start process of coronary artery dilation

Question 6

What does nitric oxide do?

Answer 6

makes arteries bigger improving blood flow

Question 7

What occurs as a result of coronary artery dilation?

Answer 7

• nitric oxide
• metabolites
• sympathetic stimulation

Question 8

When does the body use the sympathetic system?

Answer 8

during exercise when adrenaline (“fight or flight”)

Question 9

When does the body use the parasympathetic system?

Answer 9

“rest digest”

Question 10

When does angina occur?

Answer 10

not enough blood supply to where an artery is supplying

Question 11

How does the electrical system of the heart work?

Answer 11

1. vagus nerve delivers to SA node
2. signal from SA node to AV node
3. AV node to bundles of His / Purkinje that go down around ventricles (contract)

Question 12

What are the implications of the electrical system of the heart?

Answer 12

• Increased HR
• Increased activity of sympathetic nerves to the heart neurotransmitter noradrenaline
• increased activity of parasympathetic nerves to the heart neurotransmitter acetylcholine
• Increased blood-borne adrenaline

Question 13

What are the two areas that are looked at when measuring electrical activity?

Answer 13

• Rate (fast, slow)
• Rhythm (regular, regular irregular, irregular irregular)

Question 14

What is the difference between a cardiac arrest and a heart attack?

Answer 14

A cardiac arrest is a problem with the electrical system whereas heart attack is a circulation problem

Question 15

What are the muscle layers of the heart?

Answer 15

• endocardium
• myocardium
• epicardium
• pericardium

Question 16

How do we measure muscle function of the heart?

Answer 16

Echocardiography

Question 17

How are veins and arteries different?

Answer 17

• arteries have thicker walls (higher pressure)
• veins don’t need as much pump
• arteries have valves to stop blood going back to heart

Question 18

How does blood get back to the heart?

Answer 18

• venous return
• blood volume
• inspiration
• cardiac suction effect
• skeletal muscle pump

Question 19

What happens with stagnant blood?

Answer 19

• clots
• DVTs

Question 20

What are the measurement seen for the CV system?

Answer 20

• BP
• MAP
• Cardiac output
• central venous pressure

Question 21

How is the arterial blood pressure measured?

Answer 21

catheter with a probe into an artery usually at elbow

Question 22

What is MAP?

Answer 22

Mean arterial pressure (perfusion) around the body

Question 23

What does a MAP <60 mean?

Answer 23

not enough blood supply to everywhere, would not get them up out of bed

Question 24

What are the risks for exercise and the heart?

Answer 24

• related to CV disease
• in acute setting
• use of prescribed meds

Question 25

What are the benefits of exercise for the heart?

Answer 25

• reduces risk of further CV disease
• lower BP
• improves blood flow
• improved muscle mass

Question 26

What are some acute responses of the CV system to exercises?

Answer 26

• increased HR, stroke volume, CO
• Redistribute blood to muscles increases and other tissues decreases
• BP increase / decrease
• Improves O2 efficiency
• increased coronary blood flow
• increased plasma volume

Question 27

What are some chronic adaptations of the CV system to exercise?

Answer 27

• HR & CO decreased
• Stroke volume increases
• redistribution blood to muscles decreases and other tissues increases
• BP lowers
• Improve O2 efficiency
• increases coronary blood flow
• increases plasma volume