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GCSE Physics > P4 atomic structure > Flashcards

P4 atomic structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of atom

A

Nucleus has protons and neutrons

Electrons surround nucleus in shells

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2
Q

Isotopes

A

An element that has Same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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3
Q

A
X
Z

A

A- mass number (nucleons number)
Z- atomic number (proton number)
X- chemical symbol for the element
Neutrons is A-Z

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4
Q

Ionised

A

Then an atom gains or loses electrons

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5
Q

Energy levels

A

Electrons occupy the space around the nucleus at a specific distance
Electrons can move levels/shells

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6
Q

Radioisotope

A

An atom with an unstable nucleus

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7
Q

Activity of radioisotopes

A

Number of nuclear delays each second
Measured in becquerels (Bq)
1Bq is 1 count per second

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8
Q

Radioactivity

A

Random process

Not possible to predict when nucleus will decay

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9
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Produces nuclear radiation- radiation emitted from the nucleus
May be alpha, beta particles or gamma ray or a neutron

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10
Q

Neutron radiation

A

Release of a high speed neutron from the nucleus, either from the nucleus or a radioactive atom or the result of nuclear fission

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11
Q

Alpha decay

A 
Alpha particle is emitted from nucleus 
Has helium nucleus 2 protons 2 neutrons
Atomic number decreases by 2
Mass number decreases by 4
4
 a
2
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12
Q

Beta decay

A 
A neutron decays into proton and electron 
Electron emitted as beta particle 
Atomic number increases by 1
Mass number is the same
0
  B
-1
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13
Q

Gamma decay

A

Gamma rays emitted from nucleus
Very high electromagnetic waves
No charge or mass
Doesn’t affect mass or charge of nucleus

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14
Q

Background radiation

A

Ionising radiation that is around us all the time

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15
Q

Background radiation comes from

A

Natural sources eg. Rocks- granite & cosmic rays from space
Waste products from hospitals
Waste products from nuclear power stations and other industries
X-ray and manufactured radioisotopes used in medical procedures
Small amount from nuclear weapon testing & nuclear accidents
Amount of radiation depends on are you live and job you have

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16
Q

Penetrating power

A

Alpha has least
Beta
Gamma has the most

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17
Q

Ionising power

A

Gamma has the least
Beta
Alpha has the most

18
Q

Half life

A

The average time it takes for half the nuclei present to decay
Or the time it takes for the activity to fall to half its initial level

19
Q

Radioactive contamination

A

The unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms.
Can be on surfaces/within solids,liquids,gases (incl. human body)

20
Q

Contamination occurs when…

A

People swallow or breathe in radioactive materials
Can enter body through open wound or absorbed by skin
Can cause cancer or mutated genes

21
Q

Level of contamination depends on

A

Penetrating power
Ionising power
Half life of radio isotope

22
Q

Medical tracer

A

A radioisotope the is put into the body, by injecting or eating

23
Q

Uses of medical tracers

A

Monitor functioning of internal organs

Check for blockage in a pettiness blood vessel

24
Q

Irradiation

A

Where an object is exposed to nuclear radiation

Exposure can originate from various sources such as natural sources and background radiation

25
Q

Sources we are irradiated from

A

Sky- 400000 cosmic rays pass through us per hour
Air- 30000 atoms of radioactive gases are breathed in and disintegrate into our lungs per hour
Food- 15 million potassium-40 atoms disintegrate into our bodies per hour
Soil & building materials- +200million gamma rays pass through us per hour

26
Q

Irradiation uses

A

sterilise food in hospitals
Therapeutic purposes
Supermarkets to kill bacteria on fresh food

27
Q

Effects of irradiation

A

Cell death
Accurate repair
Misrepair causing mutation

28
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A 
Radio waves 
Microwaves 
Infrared radiation 
Visible light
Ultraviolet 
X-rays 
Gamma rays
29
Q

Radioisotopes used in medicine must

A

Mainly emit gamma rays
Have suitable half life
Not toxic to humans

30
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Cancer cells can be destroyed by exposing the affected area of the body to extremely large amounts of radiation
Nuclear radiation is used to destroy or control unwanted tissue

31
Q

X-rays are preferred to gamma rays because

A

Produced when needed
Rate of production can be controlled
Energy can be changed
Can not change rate or energy of gamma rays

32
Q

How to protect healthy tissue

A

Source is slowly rotated around the patient with the tumour at the centre of the circle
Source is used in 3 different directions around the target area

33
Q

Brachytherapy

A

Small sealed radioactive source or seed is placed in tumour
Treat cancer in prostate gland, cervix and womb
Sometimes additionally used to external radiotherapy

34
Q

Cancer treatment side effects

A

Vomitting
Reddening and pain in the skin like sunburn
Greater risk of infection
Tiredness

35
Q

Benefits of nuclear radiation

A

Explore internal organs
Destroying or controlling unwanted tissue
Tracers used
Health of patient

36
Q

Radiation dose

A

Measure of harm that the treatment can give you
Measured in millisieverts (mSv)
Max radiation dose in a year is 20mSv

37
Q

Nuclear fission

A

When a large and unstable nucleus splits with the release of lots of energy
Unstable nucleus absorbs neutron splits into 2 daughter nuclei emitting kinetic energy and gamma rays and a neutron
This causes a chain reaction

38
Q

Nuclear power station

A

Fission
Has fuel rods which contain radioactive material
Control rods are put between fuel rods to absorb neutrons so process isn’t as quick

39
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

The joining of small nuclei such as hydrogen and helium to form a heavier nucleus
Energy source for stars like the sun
Creates lots of thermal energy
Hydrogen fuse at extremely high pressures and temp 10mill degrees
No waste products and easy to obtain hydrogen from sea

40
Q

Fusion bombs

A

1952
Stated with fission reaction
Creating high temp for fusion reaction
More powerful than atomic bombs

GCSE Physics (9 decks)

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