p4 Flashcards
Lived experience:
The actual experience of living in a particular place or environment.
Such experience can have a profound impact on a person’s perceptions and values, as well as on their general development and their outlook on the world.
Attachment to, places varies according to:
Age
Ethnicity
Gender
length of residence (new migrants, students)
levels of deprivation
Age:
- especially if combined with length of residence in a place
- Younger Individuals:
Sense of Exploration: Younger individuals, especially adolescents and young adults, may have a stronger sense of exploration and may be more open to change, leading to a less entrenched attachment to a specific place.
Educational and Career Opportunities: Younger people may feel a stronger attachment to places that offer educational and career opportunities, influencing their sense of belonging. - Older Individuals:
Rootedness: Older individuals, especially those who have spent a significant portion of their lives in a particular place, may develop a deeper sense of rootedness and attachment to the familiar surroundings.
Social Networks: Long-term relationships and established social networks can contribute to a stronger sense of place attachment among older individuals.
. Ethnicity:
: non-white British may differ in their views because of local antipathy or acceptance;
older generations may feel just as British as their white counterparts
- Cultural Identity:
Ethnic Enclaves: Individuals from specific ethnic backgrounds may form close-knit communities, fostering a sense of attachment to a particular neighbourhood or region where cultural identity is celebrated.
Heritage and Tradition: Ethnic communities often have a strong connection to places where cultural heritage and traditions are preserved. - Integration:
Adaptation: Individuals from different ethnic backgrounds who have successfully integrated into a new community may develop a sense of attachment to the adopted place.
Cultural Diversity: Places that embrace and celebrate cultural diversity may foster attachment among individuals from various ethnic backgrounds.
Gender:
despite modern equality measures, women may still feel less able to go to the pub alone; women or men may also be more active in their local community if home with children.
Community Roles:
Familial Attachment: Women, often fulfilling caregiving roles, may
develop strong attachments to places where family and community ties are central.
Professional Opportunities: Men, influenced by career opportunities, may feel a strong attachment to places offering employment and professional growth.
Safety and Accessibility:
Perceptions of Safety: Women may place higher importance on the safety and security of a place in influencing their attachment.
Accessibility: Men may be more influenced by the accessibility of amenities and services in a place.
. Length of Residence (New Migrants, Students):
new migrants and students may have less strong attachments than longstanding locals
New Migrants:
Integration Challenges: New migrants may initially face challenges in forming attachments as they navigate the process of cultural adaptation.
Formation of Migrant Communities: Over time, new migrants may form communities that provide a sense of belonging and attachment.
Students:
Temporary Attachment: Students may develop temporary attachments to the places where they study, influenced by the duration of their academic program.
Peer Networks: Attachments may form around peer networks and shared experiences, contributing to a sense of belonging during the student period.
. Levels of Deprivation:
higher levels may be associated with anti-establishment views; those in temporary accommodation or rented housing may feel less ‘at home’ than owner occupiers
- Economic Stability:
Economic Opportunities: Individuals in economically stable areas may develop strong attachments based on the availability of employment, economic stability, and access to amenities.
Struggle and Resilience: Individuals in economically deprived areas may still form attachments, driven by a sense of community, shared struggle, and resilience. - Community Resources:
Access to Services: The availability of quality healthcare, education, and public services can significantly influence attachment to a place.
Social Capital: Deprived areas with strong social capital and community support may foster deep attachments despite economic challenges.
Marginalisation, exclusion and social polarisation
p1
- Socially, people and groups may be marginalised or pushed out to the edges by the dominant, core culture they live in because of their language, religion or customs, and especially by wealth.
- Exclusion is the extreme form of marginalisation, when people’s access to services and opportunities is restricted.
- Social polarisation is the process of segregation within a society that emerges from income inequality and economic restructuring; it results in the clustering
of high-income, elite professionals, or conversely of low-income social groups dominated by low-skilled services jobs. - Rural and urban areas help to shape each other’s places and are interdependent:
Marginalisation, exclusion and social polarisation
p2
Rural and urban areas help to shape each other’s places and are interdependent:
- People in rural areas depend on towns and cities for many key services, including specialised healthcare, higher education and leisure. Commuter villages and towns may also depend on urban areas for employment.
- Urban people rely on the countryside for food and non-food products, and value the landscape and environment found in the rural areas for leisure and recreation.
- Urban dwellers may have more power than rural dwellers in a democracy like the UK, which can prove to be an issue, as with the long-running debate on fox hunting and, more recently, fracking.
- Urban dwellers may say they have a strong association and engagement with the countryside, through visits and holidays, but may not know it very well in reality.
Causes contrasting groups in communities that have different views about the priorities and strategies for regeneration:
lack of political engagement and representation
ethnic tensions
inequality
lack of economic opportunity
. Lack of Political Engagement and Representation:
- Limited Inclusivity:
Cause: Communities with a lack of political engagement may feel excluded from decision-making processes related to regeneration.
Consequence: Limited representation can lead to a disconnect between the needs and priorities of the community and the regeneration strategies implemented. - Communication Gap:
Cause: Insufficient communication channels between residents and policymakers can result in a lack of awareness and understanding regarding regeneration initiatives.
Consequence: This communication gap may foster mistrust and a perception that community input is not valued. - Power Imbalance:
Cause: Unequal power dynamics within the political landscape may lead to certain groups having more influence over regeneration decisions.
Consequence: Marginalised groups may feel their needs are overlooked, leading to contrasting views on the priorities and strategies for regeneration.
Ethnic Tensions:
- Historical Grievances:
Cause: Ethnic tensions may arise from historical grievances or conflicts that continue to shape community dynamics.
Consequence: These tensions can influence how different ethnic groups perceive and engage with regeneration initiatives, leading to contrasting views. - Cultural Identity:
Cause: Regeneration projects may impact cultural landscapes, and different ethnic groups may have varying perspectives on how their cultural identity is considered.
Consequence: Clashes over cultural preservation or changes can create contrasting views on regeneration priorities. - Unequal Resource Allocation:
Cause: If regeneration resources are perceived to be unequally distributed among different ethnic communities, tensions may arise.
Consequence: This can lead to contrasting views on the fairness and effectiveness of regeneration efforts.
. Inequality:
- Economic Disparities:
Cause: Widening economic gaps can result in differing priorities for regeneration.
Consequence: Disparities in wealth and resources may lead to conflicting views on where regeneration investments should be directed. - Access to Services:
Cause: Inequalities in access to essential services can shape contrasting perspectives.
Consequence: Communities facing service deprivation may prioritize improvements in basic amenities, while others may focus on different aspects of regeneration. - Employment Opportunities:
Cause: Unequal access to employment opportunities can influence views on the importance of job creation in regeneration.
Consequence: Communities with high unemployment rates may prioritize economic development, while others may have different concerns.
. Lack of Economic Opportunity:
- Job Insecurity:
Cause: Areas with a lack of economic opportunity may prioritize job creation as a regeneration priority.
Consequence: Communities experiencing job insecurity may emphasize the importance of economic development over other aspects of regeneration. - Youth Migration:
Cause: Lack of economic opportunities may result in the migration of young people in search of better prospects.
Consequence: The remaining population may have different priorities than those who have left, leading to contrasting views on regeneration. - Impact on Local Businesses:
Cause: A lack of economic opportunities can adversely affect local businesses.
Consequence: Communities with struggling local economies may prioritize initiatives that support small businesses, while others may focus on different regeneration aspects.
The following three contrasting examples show the types and level of conflicts that arise from many regeneration strategies.
Studentification:
Barton Farm/King’s Barton urban fringe regeneration:
The Northern Powerhouse:
Studentification:
A process which affects many larger urban places, such as Leeds, Nottingham and Southampton, is that of studentification.
Concentrations of transient, exuberant youthful groups, who may have little regard for their surrounding longer-term residents, have forced some local authorities to try and restrict the number of houses of multiple occupation.
Barton Farm/King’s Barton urban fringe regeneration:
- In 2014, the initial preparations for a new 93-hectare greenfield mixed development scheme began on Winchester’s northern fringe.
- By 2025 there will be 2000 homes, 800 of which are designated social housing, a new academy primary school, a district shopping centre, light industrial units, a nursery, a district energy centre, nursing home, park and ride, and increased public open space.
- The change of use from farmland to, effectively, a suburb of the city, was contested for fifteen years, especially by pressure group ‘Save Barton Farm’.
- Winchester City Council’s decision not to approve the development was overturned at appeal by the Secretary for State in 2012.
- Winchester was polarised during the debate.
- More affluent people tended to support the anti-development protests.
- Singletons and low-paid professionals, including teachers and nurses unable to afford inflated house prices, and those on council waiting lists, supported the project.
