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Question 1

Primary Sector:

Answer 1

Involves extraction and production of raw materials.
Activities include agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry.
Highly dependent on natural resources and weather conditions.

Question 2

Secondary Sector:

Answer 2

Involves processing and manufacturing of raw materials.
Activities include construction, manufacturing, and energy production.
Transforms raw materials into finished goods.

Question 3

Tertiary Sector:

Answer 3

Encompasses services and involves the sale of goods and services.
Includes sectors like retail, finance, education, healthcare, and hospitality.
Dominant in developed economies where services are a significant part of the economy.

Question 4

Quaternary Sector:

Answer 4

Involves information processing and knowledge-based activities.
Activities include research and development, information technology, and innovation.
Critical for the development of high-tech industries.

Question 5

Part-Time/Full-Time Employment:

Answer 5

Part-Time:
Employees work fewer hours than those considered full-time.
Provides flexibility for workers.
Common in service industries and among students or individuals with multiple commitments.

Full-Time:
Employees work standard or regular hours defined by the employer.
Often includes benefits such as healthcare and retirement plans.
Common in traditional office and manufacturing settings.

Question 6

Temporary/Permanent Employment:

Answer 6

Temporary:
Employment for a fixed period.
Common in seasonal industries or for specific projects.
Offers flexibility for both employers and employees.

Permanent:
Ongoing, long-term employment.
Provides job security and benefits.
Common in stable industries with continuous operations.

Question 7

Employed/Self-Employed:

Answer 7

Employed:
Individuals work for an employer or organisation.
Entitled to benefits and protections as per employment laws.
Common in traditional work settings.

Self-Employed:
Individuals work for themselves and are their own bosses.
Responsible for managing their business, taxes, and benefits.
Common among entrepreneurs, freelancers, and small business owners.

Question 8

Regeneration (or place making):

Answer 8

• Long-term upgrading of existing places or more drastic renewal schemes for urban residential, retail, industrial and commercial areas, as well as rural areas.
• This sometimes includes conservation to preserve a specific identity.
• It is connected with rebranding, which centres on place marketing, where places are given a new or enhanced identity to increase their attractiveness and socioeconomic viability.
• Places needing regeneration may need to either increase economic specialisation or diversify their economic structure.
• Differences in economic activities may be measured by variations in three social characteristics: health, life expectancy and education

Question 9

Location quotient:

Answer 9

A mappable ratio which helps show specialisation in any data distribution being studied.
A figure equal to or close to 1.00 suggests national and local patterns are similar with no particular specialisation, such as retailing.
LQs over 1 show a concentration of that type of employment locally.

Question 10

Gross value added:

Answer 10

Measures the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector.
It is used in calculating GDP.

Question 11

Economic activity and social implications
Economic activity…

Answer 11

in places has direct and indirect impacts on the key social factors affecting us all: health, life expectancy and levels of education.
Economic activity may be measured by employment and output data (location quotients (LQ), gross domestic product and gross value added).

Question 12

Social inequalities

Answer 12

often result from concentrations.
A large, high-LQ industry with a declining LQ over time may be detrimental to a local and national economy, for example the steel industry.

Question 13

Inequalities in uk:

Answer 13

• Places specialising in modern high-tech industries, insurance and finance will generate new’ money from their ‘exports” and a positive spin off or multiplier effect on other services.
• There are distinctive patterns of certain economic sectors nationally
• A North-South split may be identified in the location of manufacturing and financial services.
• Such concentrations (for example in information and communication, insurance and high-tech industry) may cause congestion, overcrowding and increased house and land prices, as seen in the ‘overheated’ South East of England.

Question 14

The overheated South:

Answer 14

• The lower relative importance of manufacturing for the economy of the South East means it has been less affected by deindustrialisation and recessions.
• During the economic boom from 1997 to 2007, the region generated 37 per cent of the UK’s growth output.
• Since 2008, the region has increased to 48 percent of growth output, while every other region, apart from Scotland, has experienced relative decline.
• This means that about a quarter of the population generates half of the UK’s economic growth.

Question 15

Deindustrialisation of the steel industry:

Answer 15

• Nationally, steel employs 30,000 people, often in areas with high unemployment rates. - It supports many other manufacturers in the wider supply chain, including aerospace, defence and construction.
• However, in 2015 Thai-owned SSI at Redcar, Teesside, closed with 2000 redundancies.
• India’s TNC Tata shut Scunthorpe’s steel plant with 4500 redundancies.
• The branches of these TNCs were cut to reduce costs.
• Cheaper Chinese imports, high energy costs, green taxes and the strong pound were all factors.
• An estimated four other jobs will be lost for each steel worker redundancy as whole communities are affected (the negative multiplier effect).
• This demonstrates how original ‘winners’ may become ‘losers’ from external processes.

Question 16

Postcode lottery

Answer 16

This refers to the uneven distribution of local personal health and health services nationally, especially in mental health, early diagnosis of cancer and emergency care for the elderly

Question 17

Glasgow effect:

Answer 17

the impacts of poor health linked to deprivation.

Question 18

Health p1

Answer 18

• Health may be measured by morbidity, the degree of ill health someone experiences, and longevity, how long a person’s life expectancy is.
• There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated lifestyles
• There are many fewer ‘blue collar’ or manual jobs today in the UK, and far less pollution than the early twentieth century.
• However, those working long hours in manual jobs such as building and agriculture or exposed to harmful chemicals or pollutants will have a raised risk of poorer health and mortality.
• Health is therefore linked to economic sectors and also the type of employment.
• Variations in income can affect the quality of people’s housing and diets.
• Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups generally have worse health than the overall population, with one main driver being their often poorer socio-economic position.

Question 19

Health p2

Answer 19

• A geographical factor is the spatial distribution of food.
• Some places, especially inner cities, may be ‘food deserts’ in terms of availability, with cheaper processed and takeaway food dominating customer choice.
• Health may suffer as a result of access to food and lifestyle choices: obesity levels are soaring in the UK.
• In 2013 councils were given responsibility for encouraging people to stop smoking, eat better and drink less alcohol at a local scale, rather than just leaving it to national intervention policies.
• Apart from environmental factors, population structure and lifestyle choices, there are also variations in healthcare nationally.
• The 2015 NHS Atlas of Variation highlighted the wide variations in healthcare: the so-called postcode lottery.

Question 20

Life expectancy:

Answer 20

• Longevity varies substantially between places, between regions, and both between and within settlements, especially larger cities.
• Average life expectancy in the UK is 77.2 years for men and 81.6 years for women.
• However, the 2011 census showed distinct North-South variations.
• In Harrow, northwest London, 65-year-old males can expect to live six years more than those in Glasgow - an example of the Glasgow effect.
• While much of the North East and North West have below average life expectancies of 75 years for men and 80 for women, Kensington and Chelsea in London, which has the highest rate of earnings (over £60,000 year), has rates of 80 and 85 years, respectively.
• Gender (biological differences between the sexes), income, occupation and education are key factors, together with associated lifestyle choices, such as diet and smoking, although the longevity of males is improving generally
• The key factors that help explain these patterns are social (lifestyle choices and culture), economic (wealth of individuals) and locational (access to healthcare).

Question 21

Education:
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Answer 21

• Educational provision and outcome is also unequal in the UK.
• Outcome, measured by examination success, is strongly linked to income levels.
• Ofsted publishes data regularly to show the considerable regional variations in achievement nationally.
• Using data on free school meals, which are linked to low income, working-class white children in poverty have lower educational achievement and are more likely to continue to underachieve.
• By sixteen years old, only 31 percent of this group achieved five or more GCSEs between A and C including English and Mathematics in 2013.

Question 22

Education:
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Answer 22

• Boys are more likely to have low results than girls, especially those of Bangladeshi, Pakistani and black African origin.
• According to research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, only 14 percent of variation in any individual’s performance is due to the quality of the school attended.
• More disadvantaged children may feel a lack of control over their learning and may be reluctant to carry on to higher education academic studies.

Question 23

Inequalities in pay:
Pay levels:
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Answer 23

• Those working in the primary sector and low-level services receive lower pay than those in more skilled and professional sectors.
• Jobs may be seasonal and insecure compared with manufacturing and higher-level services.
• There is a huge disparity in incomes and cost of living nationally and locally
• Prices for goods and services vary regionally.
• London and the South East are more expensive to live in than much of the rest of UK, hence the ‘London allowance’ in many jobs.
• The richest one per cent of the population received thirteen per cent of all income and accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55 per cent of the population put together in 2014.
• Just five families control the same wealth as twenty per cent of the total population.
• This increasing minority have become super rich because of the opportunities provided by large, established transnational companies.

Question 24

Inequalities in pay:
Pay levels:
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Answer 24

• Annual bonuses of over a million pounds are common for the elite executives of the FTSE 100 companies.
• The bottom ten percent of earners, with weekly wages of under £288, are concentrated in customer-service occupations such as carers.
• More than half a million people - over two per cent of the labour force - are on zero-hours or casual contracts.
• Many in this group lack savings and are forced into debt.
• The UK has record numbers resorting to food banks.
• The Trussell Trust recorded that the number of people receiving three days or more worth of emergency food increased from 26,000 in 2009 to over 900,000 in 2014.

Question 25

Quality of life indices:
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Answer 25

• The direct factors and processes contributing to quality of life and inequality, resulting from underlying factors together with some investigative profiling techniques.
• Normally, but not always, poverty, inequality and quality of life rise and fall together.
• However, inequality can be high in a society without high levels of poverty, due to a large difference between the top and the middle of the income spectrum.
• This is very evident in London, and even small villages such as Easton outside Winchester with its influx of wealthy commuters, or Rock in Cornwall with its second home owners.
• There are several respected international and national measurements or indices of quality of life; most well known is the United Nations Human Development Index.

Question 26

Quality of life indices:
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Answer 26

• Some focus on specific age groups, such as the Global Age Watch Index on the quality of life for the over 60s; however, for detail on places within the UK, the best statistical source is the ONS.
• Apart from its neighbourhood statistics and Index of Multiple Deprivation, it now produces an annual ‘Measuring National Well-being: Life in the UK’ index.
• It uses ten domains of well-being including ‘health’, ‘where we live’ and ‘what we do’.
• The 2014 results showed the importance people put on economic security and job satisfaction, work-life balance, education and training, and local and natural environment.

Question 27

what is Quality of life:

Answer 27

The level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income and leisure time.
It is a wider concept than ‘standard of living’, which is centred on just income.

Question 28

functions

Answer 28

administrative, commercial, retail and industrial

Question 29

demographic characteristics

Answer 29

gentrification, age structure and ethnic composition

Question 30

Administrative Function:

Answer 30

Historical Perspective:
Many places initially developed around administrative centers, often related to political or governmental functions.
Administrative functions historically attracted populations due to job opportunities and services.

Contemporary Changes:
Shifts in administrative functions due to decentralization or centralization policies.
Technological advancements leading to virtual administrative processes, impacting physical location needs.
Historic administrative areas may witness redevelopment or repurposing.

Question 31

Commercial Function:

Answer 31

Historical Perspective:
Commerce has been a driving force behind the establishment and growth of many places.
Trade routes historically influenced the development of commercial centers.

Contemporary Changes:
The rise of e-commerce affecting traditional brick-and-mortar businesses.
Redevelopment of commercial areas to accommodate changing consumer preferences.
Revitalization projects to maintain the relevance of commercial spaces.

Question 32

Retail Function:

Answer 32

Historical Perspective:
Retail spaces evolved from local markets to organised storefronts.
Accessibility and convenience were crucial factors in retail location decisions.

Contemporary Changes:
Emergence of shopping malls, impacting traditional retail streets.
Online shopping transforming retail landscapes.
Adaptive reuse of old retail spaces for alternative purposes.

Question 33

Industrial Function:

Answer 33

Historical Perspective:
Industrialization led to the concentration of factories and manufacturing in specific areas.
Proximity to resources and transportation hubs influenced industrial locations.

Contemporary Changes:
Deindustrialization and the shift towards service-based economies.
Brownfield redevelopment for residential or commercial purposes.
Emerging industrial hubs driven by technology and innovation.

Question 34

Studentification:

Answer 34

• This is when students cluster in certain areas of towns and cities.
• Due to the high number of students there is a rise in the number of pubs and smaller shops selling alcohol.
• As well as this, there is a high crime rate.
• This is because the houses are an easy target, as there is usually a high amount of technology in the houses.
• As well as this, there will be high amounts of anti - social behaviour due to alcohol and drugs.
• An example is the Selly Oak area of Birmingham which as a city is home to over 35,000 students.

Question 35

Aging Population/Brain Drain:

Answer 35

• An example of this is in Llandudno.
• Here all the young people are moving away as there are no job opportunities other than in tourism.
• This means that the majority of people living there are elderly.
• Tourism is however creating higher house prices meaning local people can’t afford them.
• This has led the Welsh government to introduce double council tax for second homes in certain areas to discourage this in certain areas.

Question 36

Multiculturalism:

Answer 36

This is people from different countries or religions living near each other.
Sometimes enclaves can form, which is when people from each of the countries live in close proximity to each other.
This can have negative impacts as the people become segregated from others.
An example is in Birmingham, where 53% of the population are White British.

Question 37

Gentrification:

Answer 37

This is when rich people buy previously deindustrialised areas and spend money doing up the houses.
This means that the house prices increase, so local people have to leave and social stratification occurs.
It will also mean that services in an area will improve.
E.g. Ladywood area of Birmingham.

Question 38

Industrial Change:

Answer 38

This is when a place changes its industrial structure.
An example is Longbridge, where they used to be factories however after deindustrialisation it is now a shopping area.