p2 Flashcards
1
Q
Reason for changes in a place
A
- physical factors
- accessibility and connectedness
- historical development
- the role of local and national planning:
2
Q
Physical Factors:
A
- Coastal erosion - In Norfolk, 250m of land has been lost in the last 250 years
- Climate change creates unpredictable weather leading to more flooding, so therefore towns need to invest in flood defences. - Tewksbury 2007
- Eco - friendly buildings to help mitigate against climate change
- Location: proximity to large cities and core economic zones.
- Environment: places vary in attractiveness.
- Technology: lifts allowing high rise, and motor vehicles, facilitating urban sprawl and counter-urbanisation. Fibre optic cables and broadband are shifting traditional ‘landscapes’ and relationships.
3
Q
Accessibility and Connectedness:
A
Improved rail and motorway links - HS2
Allows rural areas to be accessible
More FDI
Connections help competition for investment and visitors.
4
Q
Historical Development:
A
- Post-production era: once key factors in many places; primary production (agriculture, farming) fishing) and manufacturing has ended.
- Competition for the optimum site for functions: commercial, retail, residential, infrastructure.
- Land values and intensity of use historically increased towards the Central Business District (CBD) or the core of a village (church, marketplace) because access for most people pre-motor vehicle age was best here.
Changes in consumer trends:
* in retailing, from corner shop to supermarket to online shopping
* in house types: increased demand for single homes due to demographic and cultural trends
* role of big business and TNCs in shaping consumer demand and, hence, the character of places (cloned shopping malls).
- Increased affluence has increased leisure and tourism functions, so many houses and buildings converted, such as bars, B&Bs or second homes.
- Historic buildings (ex-warehouses, canals, old market squares) can be a physical asset for places seeking regeneration.
- Conversely, large areas of derelict buildings and the legacy of toxic waste from manufacturing may be a deterrent.
5
Q
Local and National Planning:
A
- Lack of housing - National infrastructure plan
- Increased transport - Heathrow expansion or HS2
- National government policies on restructuring the UK economy, trying to equalise the benefits and reduce the negative externalities of changes.
- The 1990’s policy of increasing student numbers so that 50 percent of children go on to higher education.
- A ‘plan led’ system with tight control over developments, zoning and segregating land uses began from 1948.
- Green belts introduced and new and expanded towns were developed to relieve population pressure from larger cities.
- The policy of state-funded council housing, industry and transport shifted from the 1980s towards privatisation and greater partnerships with private investors and speculators.
- Conservation area policies limit new developments and encourage conversions rather than renewal schemes.
- National interests may override local ones, for example HS2 and fracking.
- Larger schemes must have an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
- Central government intervention in local places started to change in the late twentieth to early twenty-first century when the policy of ‘localism’ and individuality began.
- Local planning centres on elected parish and city councils, and on a few larger cities.
- There has been an increased input into local decisions through Local Area Plans and stakeholder meetings.
- The cumbersome planning process was streamlined in 2013, although criticised for fast-tracking decisions without full consultation.
- Image or the perception of a place may affect whether a place needs changing, or is able to change.
6
Q
Changes in Llandudno
A
- Llandudno has undergone some change, although this is small compared to other areas in the UK.
- Initially setting itself out as a tourist town in Victorian Britain, Llandudno remains a very popular tourist destination.
- The economy of Landudno remains reliant on tourism and a service economy.
- The local area works hard to restrict change seen through the rules regarding independent ownership of seafront hotels and heavy restrictions to any aesthetic changes.
- As a result demography is relatively elderly as this is the demographic attracted to the seaside resort.
7
Q
Changes in Birmingham:
A
- Birmingham was heavily associated with secondary industry, but more explicitly manufacturing of automobiles for example MG Rover in Longbridge as well as jewellery.
- However, following deindustrialisation, the function of employment in secondary industry declined significantly leading to large unemployment.
- However, the jewellery industry managed to withstand this global picture with 1/3 of jewellery manufactured in the UK occurring within one mile of the city centre.
- Birmingham’s economy became dominated by tertiary industry, creating a significant problem where jobs available did not match the skillset of the population.
- Retail has become one of the most significant functions of Birmingham, home to the Bull Ring and Grand Central which attracts 36.5 million visitors a year.
- High education has played an increasing role within the city, now home to 6 higher education establishments with the University of Birmingham now ranking 10th in terms of research (quaternary industry) according to QS world rankings.
8
Q
Change can be measured using
A
- employment trends
- demographic changes
- land use changes
- levels of deprivation (income deprivation, employment deprivation, health deprivation, crime, quality of the living environment, abandoned and derelict land).
9
Q
Employment Trends:
A
- Employment patterns provide insights into economic shifts and societal dynamics.
- Analysing employment trends involves assessing changes in job types, industries, and employment rates over time.
- It reflects broader economic changes, technological advancements, and shifts in global markets.
10
Q
Demographic Changes:
A
- Demographic indicators focus on population characteristics and their transformations.
- Key elements include population size, age structure, migration patterns, and fertility rates.
- Demographic changes can be indicative of social, economic, and cultural shifts within a region.
11
Q
. Land Use Changes:
A
- Changes in land use highlight alterations in the utilization of space, reflecting economic, environmental, and social factors.
- Urbanization, agricultural expansion, and changes in industrial practices are common aspects of land use changes.
- Monitoring land use helps assess environmental impact and societal priorities.
12
Q
. Levels of Deprivation:
A
- Deprivation refers to the lack of resources and opportunities necessary for an individual or community to enjoy a basic standard of living.
- Different dimensions of deprivation include:
- Income Deprivation: Lack of financial resources.
- Employment Deprivation: Limited job opportunities and job insecurity.
- Health Deprivation: Inadequate access to healthcare, resulting in poor health outcomes.
- Crime: Higher crime rates reflecting social issues.
- Quality of the Living Environment: Poor living conditions, including housing and infrastructure.
- Abandoned and Derelict Land: Unutilized or neglected spaces, indicating urban decline.
13
Q
Index of Multiple Deprivation
p1
A
- IMD is used by central government and especially by local authorities to target regeneration aid, to allocate resources to places and people (such as areas with low average GCSE scores) and target hotspots of crime.
- Places are ranked by their relative level of deprivation
- This is a relative measure only.
- Not every person may be ‘deprived’ in a highly deprived area, and some deprived people may live in the least deprived areas.
- In the IMD, 32,844 small areas or neighbourhoods (called lower-layer super output areas, LSOAs) are used, each having 1500 residents or 650 households.
- Thirty-seven indicators are grouped into seven ‘domains’ and ranked by importance: income and employment are higher than health and education.
- Crime and living environment are weighted the least.
- The main findings from the September 2015 IMD, as identified by the Department for Communities and Local Government, were:
14
Q
Index of Multiple Deprivation
p2
A
The main findings from the September 2015 IMD, as identified by the Department for Communities and Local Government, were:
* There are pockets of deprivation within less deprived places in all English regions.
* Deprivation is still concentrated in large urban conurbations, areas that have historically had large heavy industry, manufacturing and/or mining sectors and coastal towns, for example large parts of East London, Middlesbrough, Knowsley, Kingston upon Hull, Liverpool and Manchester.
* The London Boroughs of Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Newham and Haringey have become relatively less deprived since 2010.
* For the first time the IMD has been measured in the
24 English Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) to help target aid.
15
Q
Importance of Measurement:
A
Accurate measurement allows geographers to identify patterns, make predictions, and propose interventions.
Understanding change through multiple indicators provides a holistic view, capturing the complexity of societal transformations.
16
Q
Gentrification
p1
A
- Gentrification is the renewal, renovation or rebuilding of older and deteriorating buildings in order to create more upmarket places for middle class residents.
- The process begins when young professional workers, who can’t afford the house prices of the suburbs, purchase run down terraced houses in the inner-city area, more traditionally occupied by low skilled residents who formerly worked in the manufacturing (secondary) industry.
- This is positive as the home improvement carried out by the new occupants causes the housing stock to be renewed and overtime other houses follow suit, house prices increase.
- This is evident in my local of area of Birmingham, where house prices in previously deprived Ladywood (The worst area for child poverty in 2016) increased by 17% in 2017.
- The benefits of this are even greater than other forms of improvement due to the little/no cost to local government as well as the associated increase in service provision such bistro pubs, café culture and edgy cocktail bars.
