P3 Q1 Flashcards
The green pigment in the chloroplasts; gives leaves their color
Chlorophyll
It’s the process used by plants, algae, some protists and certain bacteria to harness energy from sunlight and turn it into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
_____________ is stored as food in other parts of the plant and turns iodine dark blue
Starch
Starch is converted from _________
Sugar
In photosynthesis, _________ is given off into the air
Oxygen
In photosynthesis, _____ enters through the stomata of the leaves
CO2
_________ is absorbed from the root
Water
_____________ traps light energy to make sugar
Chlorophyll
Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
The sun
Photosynthesis requires ____________ ___________ ______________ and produces ____________ ____________
CO2 water and sunlight
Sugar and Oxygen
___________ ability to do work
Energy
Ultimately, _________ gives plants the energy they need
Sugar
Green plants use sunlight with air and water to make _________. They are _________ for they make their own food
Sugar
Producer
Photo means ________ and _________ is putting together
Light
Synthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ————> C6H12O6 + 6O2
(Sunlight)
Photosynthesis
- you need a lot of water and co2 to make a single sugar
__________ main product of photosynthesis
Glucose
____________ are groups of molecules where sunlight is absorbed
Photosystems
__________ is the organelle of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Sac light membrane where chlorophyll is found
Thylakoid memebrane
The stages of photosynthesis are
_
_
Light dependent reactions
Light independent reactions
Stage of photosynthesis in which the energy from sunlight is stored in ATP and NADPH
Light reactions
Is an energy carrying molecule (not ATP)
NADPH
Stage of photosynthesis in which glucose is made (uses CO2)
Calvin cycle
Other producers who don’t use photosynthesis use ….
Chemosynthesis
Light hit the ____________, where chlorophyll is found. The H2O is split. ___ is released into the air. Hydrogen then is used to make energy
Thylakoids
O2
Skeleton if the chloroplast, maintains the distance between thylakoids
lamellae
Space outside the thylakoid membranes. Location of the Calvin Cycle in which organic compounds are formed (such as glucose)
Stroma
Stack of thylakoid
Granum
Saclike photosynthetic membranes that contain photosystems, clusters of pigments and proteins that absorb light energy
Thylakoids
Splitting of sugar and occurs in the ________ of the cell
Glycolysis
Cytosol
Cell respiration takes place in the (glycolysis) ________ and __________ (Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain)
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
As a result of glycolysis ________ _______ is made as well as ATP
Pyruvic acid
Series of electron-transport molecules, which pass electrons from molecule to molecule
Electron transport chain
Electrons are carried in _______ and _______
NADH
FADH2
When _________ is present, pyruvate produced in glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is converted into ______ _______, a two Carbon compound (as well as CO2 and NADH)
Oxygen
Acetyl CoA
Inside if the mitochondria
Matrix
Photosynthesis and cell respiration have equal and opposite inputs and outputs
CO2 and water (input P, output CR)
Glucose and oxygen (input CR, output P)
The energy source of cell respiration are _______ ______
Chemical bonds
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ————> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis produces __ ATP, pyruvic conversion ____, Kreb Cycle ___ and ETC ___. Total of ____ ATP
2 0 2 34 38
C6H12O6 + 2ATP ————> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 4ATP + heat
Alcoholic fermentation
Stage 1 is when
Glucose is converted to _____________, producing some ATP and _____ NADH
Pyruvate
NADH
Stage 2
(When ________ is present). _________ and ______ are used to make a large amount of ATP
Oxygen
Pyruvate and NADH
Stage 2
(When oxygen is not present) pyruvate is converted to _________ ____ or _________ and CO2
Lactic Acid
Alcohol
Energy formation in the absence of oxygen is
Fermentation
In the absence if oxygen, only _________ takes place in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis
Type of fermentation where ________ ______ formed with no CO2. Bacteria and human body, used for yoghurt and cheese, as well in muscle pain in physical activity
Lactic Acid
Alcoholic fermentation is when ___________ _________ and _______ are formed; bacteria and yeasts. Used in bread, alcohol, wine and beer
Ethyl Alcohol
Fermentation occurs in ________ respiration
Anaerobic
Alcohol and lactic acid are the two types of ______________
Fermentation
Modes of nutrition
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Organisms produce their own food from organic molecules
Autotrophy
Organisms derive energy from other living organisms
Heterotrophy
Green plants, phytoplankton and algae use
Photoautotrophy
Deep-sea bacteria use
Chemoautrophy
Ingest organic matter which is living or recently killed
Consumers
Herbivores eat producers
Primary
Eat other consumers (carnivores and omnivores)
Secondary
Derive energy from non-living organic matter
Decomposers
Ingests non-living organic matter (earthworms, woodlice); internal digestion and absorb products; discard organic matter in large quantities. Ex: they eat dead leaves, feathers, hairs and feces
Detritivores
Lives in or on non living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing digestive products; bacteria and fungi; external digestion;break down carbon compounds in dead organic matter and release N used by other organisms
Saprotrophs
Means self-feeding; make carbon compounds from CO2 and other simple substances
Autotrophic
Some unicellular organisms use both methods of nutrition
Mixotrophic
Arabidospsis thaliana is an ____________
Humming birds are ____________
Euglena ___________
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Mixotroph
_________ are divided into groups by ecologists according to the source of organic molecules that they use and tye method of taking them in
Consumers
Herbivores eat __________, carnivores eat ___________ and omnivores eat both
Producers
Consumers
Snail, millipede and crabs are
Detritivores
A cow is an _________ consumer, pandas are ________ and wolves ______……__
Herbivore
Omnivore
Carnivore
Bacteria, mushrooms and mold are
Saprotrophs
Opportunistic animal that feeds on dead or decaying matter rather than hunting; similar to detritivores, but they feed on a larger scale (carrion)
Scavenger
Hyenas, vultures and crows are
Scavenger
Two organisms live closely together
Symbiotic relationship
Symbiosis where both benefit, like sea anemone and fish
Mutualism
One is unaffected and the other benefits; whale and barnacle
Commensalism
One benefits and the other one is harmed, like dogs and ticks
Parasitsm
Ants and Aphids are _________, for the first provide protection from predators and the second provide nutrition from honeydew
Mutualists
Sequence if organisms where each feeds in the previous one; between 2-5 organisms; chemical energy flows through by feeding
Food Chain
________ are the first organisms ina food chain, the _______ consumers, then ________ which feed on the previous one, tertiary and so on
Producers
Primary
Secondary
The arrows indicate the __________ of the energy flow
Direction
____ of chemical energy passes to the next trophic level
10%
A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains
Food web
Each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem
Trophic level
Total mass of organisms a given area or volume
Biomass
Herbivores and carnivores are
Holozaic
In a food web, arrows would all point to ____________
Decomposers
Carnivores are mixotrophs, and eat insects for ___________
Nitrogen
