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Biology I > Enzymes, metabolism, cell evolution (Q2) > Flashcards

Enzymes, metabolism, cell evolution (Q2) Flashcards

1
Q

Life in built on _________________that transform energy from one for to another

A

Chemical reactions

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2
Q

The chemical reactions of life are called _______________

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

Types of metabolism

A

Forming and breaking bonds between molecules

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4
Q

Dehydration synthesis and synthesis are ____________

A

Anabolic reactions (form bonds)

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5
Q

Hydrolysis and digestion are ______________

A

Catabolic reactions (break bonds)

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6
Q

Exothermic reactions ____________ energy

A

Release

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7
Q

Endothermic reactions ____________ energy

A

Require (input of)

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8
Q

Catabolism (hydrolysis like digesting polymers) is an _____________ reaction

A

Exothermic

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9
Q

Anabolism (dehydration synthesis like building polymers) is an _____________ reaction

A

endothermic

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10
Q

The amount of energy needed to destabilize bonds between molecules

A

Activation energy

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11
Q

The molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer; stores and transports chemical energy within cells

A

ATP

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12
Q

In order to break bonds in large biomolecules, which are stable, there needs to be an ___________ _____________ __ ___________ (activation energy) which is gained by absorbing it; combustion

A

initial input of energy

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13
Q

Substances that accelerate a chemical reaction; reduces the amount of energy to start a reaction

A

Catalysts

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14
Q

Catalysts in cells are __________

A

Enzyme

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15
Q

Most enzymes are __________

A

Proteins

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16
Q

Enzymes function is to _____________ chemical reactions

A

facilitate

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17
Q

Enzymes are required for most ______________ reactions; they are in control of reactions in life

A

biological

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18
Q

Enzymes are highly specific, there are ____________ of different ones

A

thousands

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19
Q

Reactant which binds to the enzyme

A

Substrate

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20
Q

End result of reaction; anything made as a result of an enzymatic reaction

A

Product

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21
Q

Enzyme’s catalytic site; specific region of an enzyme where a substrate fits into ______________

A

Active site

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22
Q

Each enzyme works with a specific substrate (chemical fit between active site and substrate)

A

Reaction specific

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23
Q

Single enzyme molecule can catalyze thousands or more reactions per second (unaffected by reaction)

A

Not consumed in reaction

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24
Q

Any condition that affects protein structure like temperature, pH and salinity

A

Affected by cellular conditions

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25
Enzymes are named for the__________ they catalyze
reaction
26
Breaks down sucrose
Sucrase
27
Breaks down proteins
Proteases
28
Breaks down lipids
Lipases
29
Builds DNA by adding nucleotides to DNA strand
DNA polymerase
30
Breaks down proteins (polypeptides)
Pepsin
31
In the lock and key model, the “key” is the __________ while the lock is the __________ (3D structure of the active site)
Substrate | Enzyme
32
1st four factors that affect enzymes
Enzyme concentration Substrate concentration Temperature pH
33
2nd three factors that affect enzymes
Salinity Activators Inhibators
34
The higher the concentration of enzymes, the ________ the reaction rate; collides qith substrate more frequently
higher
35
____________ can be a limiting factors, since not all enzymes can find one, causing the reaction rate to level off
Substrate
36
Temperature for human enzymes
35 to 40 degrees; average temperature is 37
37
Temperature that produces the greatest number of molecular collisions
Optimum T
38
When heat increases beyond optimum T, enzymes undergo __________, or lose their 3D shape
Denaturation
39
Molecules move slower in _________ T, which decreases collisions between enzyme and substrate
Cold
40
Not all enzymes require the same t, since they live in different environments. Hot spring bacteria enzyme require ___ degrees; snakes however, are ________ and need to stay outside in the sun
70 | Ectotherms
41
Pepsins need a pH of ___ | Trypsin need a pH of ___
3 | 9
42
___________ are compounds which help enzymes
Activators
43
Non-protein, small inorganic compounds and ions like Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu that bound within enzyme molecules
Cofactors
44
Non-protein, organic molecules that bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site; includes many vitamins like NAD, FAD
Coenzymes
45
A molecule produced by living organisms that catalyze chemical reactions
Enzymes
46
The two main factors that influence the function of an enzyme are
Temperature and pH
47
Diverse group of organic molecules that are required for metabolic reactions and generally cannot be synthesized in the body
Vitamins
48
Trace elements required for normal metabolism as components of cells and tissues and in nerve conduction and muscle contraction
Minerals
49
Chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction.
Reactants
50
_____________ theorized that eukaryotes appeared as a consequence of a stable _________ relationship between different types of prokaryotic cells. This is the Endosymbiotic Theory
Lynn Margulis | Symbiotic
51
First, bacteria performed _______ metabolism (not efficient)
Anaerobic
52
Who developed photosynthesis, which produces a lot of energy and releases oxygen into the atmospher?
Cynobacteria
53
The development of photosynthesis led to the creation of the ________________ and the inhabitation of the environment
Ozone layer
54
O2 gave rise to the proliferation of bacteria that perform ____ _______ respiration (oxidizing nutrients and releasing CO2 as a waste product; energy efficient)
Cell respiration
55
The use of O2 in metabolism enabled celled to obtain a lot of _________ from either organic nutrients or from sunlight
energy
56
Involving interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association
Symbiotic
57
They are photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen
Cynobacteria
58
Set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP
Cell respiration
59
A domain of single- celled organisms prokaryotes
Archaea
60
The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes
Phagocytosis
61
The taking of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
Endocytosis
62
Both mitochondria and prokaryotes have their own __________
membranes
63
Each mitochondria has its own circular _____ genome but much smaller, like a bacteria
DNA
64
Production of an organic compound by a living thing (with enzymes)
Synthesis
65
Bacteria and mitochondria multiply by
Pinching in half
66
Chloroplasts are very similar to _________ ; they both could’ve been bacteria
Mitochondria
67
In Endosymbiotic theory, a bacterium and archaeon joined, giving cells a capacity for ____________
phagocytosis
68
An anaerobic cell engulfed an oxygen respiring bacterium which resulted in .........; animal eukaryotes
Mitochondria
69
Later, a symbiotic relationship was developed with a photosynthetic bacteria, giving rise to .......; plant eukaryotes
Chloroplasts
70
Eukaryotes ended up forming ................ with increasing leverls of organisation
Multicellular organisms
71
First organisms had a simpler _________ and were _________ (no O2). So, they were __________ (obtained nutrients from organic and inorganic material like H, S and Fe compounds. Some examples are bacteria archaea
Metabolism Anaerobic Chemoheterotrophs
72
Natural selection resulted in rapid __________. Higher mutation rate in the past because modern DNA has _________, unlike RNA, who has copying errors
Diversification | Enzymes
73
____________ evolved gradually, and organisms that lived close to the surface developed means to absorb sunlight, then turned it into energy
Photosynthesis
74
Purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria use ___ instead of H2O for photosynthesis, which developed later (cynobacteria, blue-green algae)
H2S
75
By product of photosynthesis ___
O2
76
Highly reactive with rocks and minerals in the water, which then accumulated in the atmosphere
O2
77
Modern levels of O2 came about around _______yrs ago as evidenced by charcoal
200
78
The rise in O2 generated a __________ for life, since it reacts with bonds in organic materials; survivors migrated ___________ where they are found today
Crisis | Underground
79
Fossil evidence for eukaryotes is around ___ billion yrs ago when O2 rose in the atmosphere, but prokaryotes and eukaryotes separated from the common ancestor much earlier
2.1
80
O2 played a key role in __________ evolution; they can produce energy more efficiently than with anaerobic metabolism- adaptations that required more energy
Eukaryote
81
The animal branch if the tree of life emerges (545 million yrs ago); animal diversity; classification based on body plan
Cambrian Explosion
82
Life flourished where __________ _________ existed
Liquid water
83
Life on land was more complicated; they needed means to collect ______ _________ above ground and _________ below
Solar energy | Nutrients
84
DNA says that plants evolved from an ______; 75 million yrs later for __________ to follow plants out of water
algae | Animals
85
Mass extinction causes
Impacts (Permian extinction) Active volcanism (climate change) External influence for copying errors (solar radiation and supernovae)
86
Humans, apes, lemurs and apes have common ancestors from ______; limber arms, eyes in front, offspring born helpless
Trees
87
Humans share a ________ _________ with gorillas and monkeys; both are 98% of human genome is identical to chimpanzees; intelligence is the 2%
Common ancestor
88
The solute concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane (volume is not altered)
Isotonic
89
Solute concentration is less in the external medium in relation to the external medium; cell absorbes water
Hypotonic
90
Solute concentration is bigger in the external medium; the cell loses water
Hypertonic
91
Cellular state i which a plant cell absorbs water and is in a state of tension due to pressure against the cellular membrane
Turgidity
92
State in plant cells due to loss of water, the membrane pulls away from the cellulose-pectin wall; certain death
Plasmolysis
93
Organelles in plant cells where starch is made from glucose and stored
Amyloplast
94
Organelle kn plants and algae where photosynthesis happens
Chloroplasts
95
Engulfing and digesting
Phagocytosis
96
Just engulfing
Endocytosis

Biology I (6 decks)

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