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Biology I > Enzymes, metabolism, cell evolution (Q2) > Flashcards

Enzymes, metabolism, cell evolution (Q2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Life in built on _________________that transform energy from one for to another

A

Chemical reactions

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2
Q

The chemical reactions of life are called _______________

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

Types of metabolism

A

Forming and breaking bonds between molecules

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4
Q

Dehydration synthesis and synthesis are ____________

A

Anabolic reactions (form bonds)

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5
Q

Hydrolysis and digestion are ______________

A

Catabolic reactions (break bonds)

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6
Q

Exothermic reactions ____________ energy

A

Release

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7
Q

Endothermic reactions ____________ energy

A

Require (input of)

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8
Q

Catabolism (hydrolysis like digesting polymers) is an _____________ reaction

A

Exothermic

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9
Q

Anabolism (dehydration synthesis like building polymers) is an _____________ reaction

A

endothermic

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10
Q

The amount of energy needed to destabilize bonds between molecules

A

Activation energy

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11
Q

The molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer; stores and transports chemical energy within cells

A

ATP

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12
Q

In order to break bonds in large biomolecules, which are stable, there needs to be an ___________ _____________ __ ___________ (activation energy) which is gained by absorbing it; combustion

A

initial input of energy

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13
Q

Substances that accelerate a chemical reaction; reduces the amount of energy to start a reaction

A

Catalysts

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14
Q

Catalysts in cells are __________

A

Enzyme

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15
Q

Most enzymes are __________

A

Proteins

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16
Q

Enzymes function is to _____________ chemical reactions

A

facilitate

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17
Q

Enzymes are required for most ______________ reactions; they are in control of reactions in life

A

biological

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18
Q

Enzymes are highly specific, there are ____________ of different ones

A

thousands

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19
Q

Reactant which binds to the enzyme

A

Substrate

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20
Q

End result of reaction; anything made as a result of an enzymatic reaction

A

Product

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21
Q

Enzyme’s catalytic site; specific region of an enzyme where a substrate fits into ______________

A

Active site

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22
Q

Each enzyme works with a specific substrate (chemical fit between active site and substrate)

A

Reaction specific

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23
Q

Single enzyme molecule can catalyze thousands or more reactions per second (unaffected by reaction)

A

Not consumed in reaction

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24
Q

Any condition that affects protein structure like temperature, pH and salinity

A

Affected by cellular conditions

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25
Q

Enzymes are named for the__________ they catalyze

A

reaction

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26
Q

Breaks down sucrose

A

Sucrase

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27
Q

Breaks down proteins

A

Proteases

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28
Q

Breaks down lipids

A

Lipases

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29
Q

Builds DNA by adding nucleotides to DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

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30
Q

Breaks down proteins (polypeptides)

A

Pepsin

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31
Q

In the lock and key model, the “key” is the __________ while the lock is the __________ (3D structure of the active site)

A

Substrate

Enzyme

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32
Q

1st four factors that affect enzymes

A

Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Temperature
pH

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33
Q

2nd three factors that affect enzymes

A

Salinity
Activators
Inhibators

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34
Q

The higher the concentration of enzymes, the ________ the reaction rate; collides qith substrate more frequently

A

higher

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35
Q

____________ can be a limiting factors, since not all enzymes can find one, causing the reaction rate to level off

A

Substrate

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36
Q

Temperature for human enzymes

A

35 to 40 degrees; average temperature is 37

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37
Q

Temperature that produces the greatest number of molecular collisions

A

Optimum T

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38
Q

When heat increases beyond optimum T, enzymes undergo __________, or lose their 3D shape

A

Denaturation

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39
Q

Molecules move slower in _________ T, which decreases collisions between enzyme and substrate

A

Cold

40
Q

Not all enzymes require the same t, since they live in different environments. Hot spring bacteria enzyme require ___ degrees; snakes however, are ________ and need to stay outside in the sun

A

70

Ectotherms

41
Q

Pepsins need a pH of ___

Trypsin need a pH of ___

A

3

9

42
Q

___________ are compounds which help enzymes

A

Activators

43
Q

Non-protein, small inorganic compounds and ions like Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu that bound within enzyme molecules

A

Cofactors

44
Q

Non-protein, organic molecules that bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site; includes many vitamins like NAD, FAD

A

Coenzymes

45
Q

A molecule produced by living organisms that catalyze chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

46
Q

The two main factors that influence the function of an enzyme are

A

Temperature and pH

47
Q

Diverse group of organic molecules that are required for metabolic reactions and generally cannot be synthesized in the body

A

Vitamins

48
Q

Trace elements required for normal metabolism as components of cells and tissues and in nerve conduction and muscle contraction

A

Minerals

49
Q

Chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction.

A

Reactants

50
Q

_____________ theorized that eukaryotes appeared as a consequence of a stable _________ relationship between different types of prokaryotic cells. This is the Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Lynn Margulis

Symbiotic

51
Q

First, bacteria performed _______ metabolism (not efficient)

A

Anaerobic

52
Q

Who developed photosynthesis, which produces a lot of energy and releases oxygen into the atmospher?

A

Cynobacteria

53
Q

The development of photosynthesis led to the creation of the ________________ and the inhabitation of the environment

A

Ozone layer

54
Q

O2 gave rise to the proliferation of bacteria that perform ____ _______ respiration (oxidizing nutrients and releasing CO2 as a waste product; energy efficient)

A

Cell respiration

55
Q

The use of O2 in metabolism enabled celled to obtain a lot of _________ from either organic nutrients or from sunlight

A

energy

56
Q

Involving interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

A

Symbiotic

57
Q

They are photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen

A

Cynobacteria

58
Q

Set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP

A

Cell respiration

59
Q

A domain of single- celled organisms prokaryotes

A

Archaea

60
Q

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

A

Phagocytosis

61
Q

The taking of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole

A

Endocytosis

62
Q

Both mitochondria and prokaryotes have their own __________

A

membranes

63
Q

Each mitochondria has its own circular _____ genome but much smaller, like a bacteria

A

DNA

64
Q

Production of an organic compound by a living thing (with enzymes)

A

Synthesis

65
Q

Bacteria and mitochondria multiply by

A

Pinching in half

66
Q

Chloroplasts are very similar to _________ ; they both could’ve been bacteria

A

Mitochondria

67
Q

In Endosymbiotic theory, a bacterium and archaeon joined, giving cells a capacity for ____________

A

phagocytosis

68
Q

An anaerobic cell engulfed an oxygen respiring bacterium which resulted in ………; animal eukaryotes

A

Mitochondria

69
Q

Later, a symbiotic relationship was developed with a photosynthetic bacteria, giving rise to …….; plant eukaryotes

A

Chloroplasts

70
Q

Eukaryotes ended up forming ……………. with increasing leverls of organisation

A

Multicellular organisms

71
Q

First organisms had a simpler _________ and were _________ (no O2). So, they were __________ (obtained nutrients from organic and inorganic material like H, S and Fe compounds. Some examples are bacteria archaea

A

Metabolism
Anaerobic
Chemoheterotrophs

72
Q

Natural selection resulted in rapid __________. Higher mutation rate in the past because modern DNA has _________, unlike RNA, who has copying errors

A

Diversification

Enzymes

73
Q

____________ evolved gradually, and organisms that lived close to the surface developed means to absorb sunlight, then turned it into energy

A

Photosynthesis

74
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria use ___ instead of H2O for photosynthesis, which developed later (cynobacteria, blue-green algae)

A

H2S

75
Q

By product of photosynthesis ___

A

O2

76
Q

Highly reactive with rocks and minerals in the water, which then accumulated in the atmosphere

A

O2

77
Q

Modern levels of O2 came about around _______yrs ago as evidenced by charcoal

A

200

78
Q

The rise in O2 generated a __________ for life, since it reacts with bonds in organic materials; survivors migrated ___________ where they are found today

A

Crisis

Underground

79
Q

Fossil evidence for eukaryotes is around ___ billion yrs ago when O2 rose in the atmosphere, but prokaryotes and eukaryotes separated from the common ancestor much earlier

A

2.1

80
Q

O2 played a key role in __________ evolution; they can produce energy more efficiently than with anaerobic metabolism- adaptations that required more energy

A

Eukaryote

81
Q

The animal branch if the tree of life emerges (545 million yrs ago); animal diversity; classification based on body plan

A

Cambrian Explosion

82
Q

Life flourished where __________ _________ existed

A

Liquid water

83
Q

Life on land was more complicated; they needed means to collect ______ _________ above ground and _________ below

A

Solar energy

Nutrients

84
Q

DNA says that plants evolved from an ______; 75 million yrs later for __________ to follow plants out of water

A

algae

Animals

85
Q

Mass extinction causes

A

Impacts (Permian extinction)
Active volcanism (climate change)
External influence for copying errors (solar radiation and supernovae)

86
Q

Humans, apes, lemurs and apes have common ancestors from ______; limber arms, eyes in front, offspring born helpless

A

Trees

87
Q

Humans share a ________ _________ with gorillas and monkeys; both are 98% of human genome is identical to chimpanzees; intelligence is the 2%

A

Common ancestor

88
Q

The solute concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane (volume is not altered)

A

Isotonic

89
Q

Solute concentration is less in the external medium in relation to the external medium; cell absorbes water

A

Hypotonic

90
Q

Solute concentration is bigger in the external medium; the cell loses water

A

Hypertonic

91
Q

Cellular state i which a plant cell absorbs water and is in a state of tension due to pressure against the cellular membrane

A

Turgidity

92
Q

State in plant cells due to loss of water, the membrane pulls away from the cellulose-pectin wall; certain death

A

Plasmolysis

93
Q

Organelles in plant cells where starch is made from glucose and stored

A

Amyloplast

94
Q

Organelle kn plants and algae where photosynthesis happens

A

Chloroplasts

95
Q

Engulfing and digesting

A

Phagocytosis

96
Q

Just engulfing

A

Endocytosis

Biology I (6 decks)

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