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P3 Flashcards

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0
Q

How does ultrasound waves in the bodywork

A

Ultra waves can pass through the body but whenever they reach a boundary with two different media and like the fluid in the womb and the skin of the fetus, some of the waves is refracted back and detected

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1
Q

What could ultrasound wave be used for

A

They can be used to break kidney stones which are hard masses that can get blocked. The beam concentrates high energy waves at the kidney stones and turns it into smaller particles

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2
Q

Which out of the three is the most safest to use

Ultrasound waves, x-rays, CT scan

A

Ultrasound waves are the most safest because there are non ionising

X-rays are ionising and can cause cancer

CT scan is the most unsafeness because it uses more radiation than x-ray so patients are exposed to even more ionising radiation

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3
Q

What is refraction index causes by

A

Reflection index is caused by the waves changing direction as they enter a different medium this is caused by a change in density from one medium to another which changes the speed of the waves

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4
Q

What formula is used to work out the refractive index

A

Sin r \ sin I

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5
Q

What is a converging lens

And what does it cause parallel rays of light to do

A

Converging lens are complex which means it is it’s Thickest in the centre

It causes parallel rays of light to meet together at the principal focus. Rays of light are reflected in words and meet at the focus

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6
Q

What is the principal focus of a converging lens

A

The principal focus of converging lens is where raise hit in the lens parallel to the axes all meet

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7
Q

What is a diverging lens

What does it cause the parallel rays of light to do

A

They diverging lens or concave this means it Caves in wards

It causes parallel rays of light to spread out(diverge) and virtual images are form

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8
Q

What is the principal focus of diverging lens

A

This is the point where on rays hitting the lens parallel to the axes are pairs to all come from – you can trace them back where it will appear to meet up at a point behind the lens

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9
Q

What are the three rules for a refraction in converging lens

A

incident rays parallel to the axes refracts through the lens and passes through the principal focus on the other side

An incident Ray passing through the principal focus with racks through the lens and travels parallel to the axes

An incident Ray passing through the centre of the lens comes on in the same direction

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10
Q

What are the three rules of a refraction in diverging lens

A

The incident ray are parallel to the axes through the lens and travel in line with the principal focus

The incident rays passing through the lens towards the principal focus refracts through the lens and travels parallel to the axes

An incident Ray passing through the centre of the lens carries on in the same direction

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11
Q

Define what is meant by a focal length

A

The distance from the centre of the lens to the principal focus

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12
Q

Define what is meant by a real image

A

Light from an object comes together to form an image on a screen

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13
Q

Define a virtual image

A

This is when the rays are diverging so the light from the object appears to be coming from a completely different place

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14
Q

What type of lens is a magnifying glass

A

Magnifying glasses uses converging lens and it works by creating a magnified virtual image

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15
Q

How does a magnifying glass work

A

The object is been magnified so must be closer to the lens than the focal length. Since the image produced is a virtual image the light rays don’t actually come from the place where the image appears to be

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16
Q

What is the formula to find out the magnification

A

Image height divided by object height

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17
Q

If a Lens is very powerful

Describe the focal length

A

The more powerful the lens, the more strongly it converges rays of light, the shorter the focal length

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18
Q

Converging lens the power is positive

A

Diverging is the power is negative

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19
Q

What two factors affect the focal length

A

Refractive index of the lens material
Powerful lenses can be thinner by using materials with a high reflective index

curvature of the 2surfaces of the lens
Strongly curved surfaces makes a more powerful lens

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20
Q

Explain the function of the lens

A

The lens changes shape to focus light from an object at varying distances. It is connected to the ciliary muscles by the sensory ligament and when the ciliary muscles contract tension is released and the lens take on a fat more spherical shape

When disagree muscles relax the sensory ligaments Pulls the lens into a thinner and flatter shape

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21
Q

What is shortsighted people corrected with

A

to correct short sightedness you need to put a diverging lens with a negative power in front of a eye

This diverges the light before it enters the eye which means the lens can focus on the retina

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22
Q

What is long sighted people corrected with

A

To correct longsight a converging lens with a positive power can be put in front of the eye. The light is the refracted and start to converge before it enters the eyes and that image can be focused on the retina where it belongs

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23
Q

How can a laser be used to correct Eye problems

A

Laser can be used to vaporise some of cornea to change its shape and focusing ability

it can increase or decrease power of the Cornea so that Eye can focus on images properly

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24
Q

What are optical fibres

How do they work

A

Optical fibres can carry visible light over a long distance

They work by bouncing ways of the side of a thin inner core of glass or plastic. The waves enters one end of the fibre and is reflected repeatedly until it emerges at the other end

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25
Q

How can total internal reflection happen with optical fibres

A

It can only happen when a wave travels through a dense substance like glass of water towards a less dense substance like air

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26
Q

How is an endoscope used

A

Endoscopes uses bundles of optical fibres
It consist of two bundles of optical fibres one to carry light to the area of interest and one to carry an image back so it can be viewed

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27
Q

What is it a moment?

A

A moment is a turning effect of a force

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28
Q

Where can you find the centre of mass

A

The centre of mass and is directly below the point of suspension

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29
Q

How do you work out if the moment are you equal

A

Total anti clockwise moments = total clockwise moments

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30
Q

What are levers used for

A

Levers use the idea of balance moment to make it easier for us to do the work

31
Q

How does levers work

A

The moment is equal to the force X distance from the pivot . So the amount of force needed to produce a particular moment depends on the distance the force is applied from the pivot

Levers increase the distance from the pivot at which the force is applied so this means less force is needed to get the same moment

32
Q

Why levers known as the force multipliers

A

This is because they reduced the amount of force that is needed to get the same moment by increasing the distance

33
Q

Examples of simple levels as force multipliers

A

Wheelbarrows and scissors

34
Q

What happens if the total anticlockwise moments do not equal the total clockwise moment

A

There will be in resultant moment so the object will turn

35
Q

Why are low and wide objects the most stable

A

This is because they have a wide base and a low centre of mass

36
Q

Why is it that that unstable objects tips over easily

A

This is because its centre of mass music be on the edge of it base. Moments- if the line of action of the weight of the object lights outside the base of the object it will cause a resultant mass .this will tip the object over

37
Q

How is a pendulum made

A

It is made by a suspending a weight from a piece of string. When you pull back a pendulums and let it go, it will swing back and forth.

38
Q

Define what I mean by time period

A

The time taken from the pendulum to swing from one side to the other and back again

39
Q

How to calculate the time period

A

1 / frequency

40
Q

What affects the time period of the pendulums swing

A

It depends on its length. The longer the pendulum, the greater the time period. So the shorter the level of the shorter the time period

41
Q

What are x-rays

A

X-rays are high-frequency, short wavelength electromagnetic waves.

42
Q

What to materials do x-rays absorb

A

They are transmitted by healthy tissues but are absorbed by denser material is like bones are metals

43
Q

X-rays images can be formed electronically using charge – coupled devices
What does charge – couple devices mean

A

They are silicon chips and can detect x-rays and produce electronic signals which are used to form a high resolution images

44
Q

How are CT scan formed?

A

The patient is put inside the cylindrical scanner and then a x-ray beam is filed fruit to body for an x-ray tube and pick up my detectors on the opposite side. The detectors and x-ray tube are rotated during the scan. A computer interprets the signal from the detector to form an image of a two dimensional slice

45
Q

How can x-rays be used to treat cancer

A

X-rays can cause ionisation – high doses of x-rays will kill living cells therefore can be used to treat cancer. The x-rays all focused on the tumour or using a wide beam. The beam is rotated round the patient with the tumour at the centre.this minimises the exposure of normal cells to radiation, and reduces the chances of damage and the rest of the body

46
Q

how do you radiographers to work with x-ray machines and CT scanners need to take precaution to minimise their x-ray does

A

They were lead apron and stand behind a lead screen all leave the room while scans Are being done

Lead is used to shield areas of the patient body that aren’t been scanned and exposure time to the x-rays is always kept to an absolute minimum

47
Q

Describe the pressure in a liquid

A

The pressure in a liquid is all transmitted equally in all direction

48
Q

What are hydraulic systems

A

They are force multipliers which use a small force to product a bigger force h

49
Q

Describe the velocity in an object that is travelling in a circle

What is the centripetal force

A

It’s constantly changing direction , this means the velocity is constantly changing so the object acceleration changed the direction of motion but not the speed. The acceleration is towards the centre of the circle . There must be a resultant force acting on the objects causing this acceleration .

The centripetal force is the force that keeps something moving in a circle

50
Q

What type of force is actually proving the centripetal force in a given situation

A

Friction- a car going round a bend - friction between the cars tyre and the road

Tensions - a bucket whirling round on a rope & a spinning fairground ride

51
Q

What does centripetal force depends on

A

Mass
Speed
Radius

52
Q

What are the three things that mean you need a bigger centripetal force ?

A

More speed
More mass
Smaller radius of circle

53
Q

Define a magnetic field

A

A regions where magnetic materials like iron and steel and also wires carrying current experience a force acting on them

54
Q

Explain the magnetic field round a current carrying wire

A

When a current flows through a wire a magnetic field is created around the wire
The field is made up of concentric circles with the wires in the centre

55
Q

Explain the magnetic fields round a coil of wire

A

The magnetic field inside a coil of wire ( a solenoid )
Outside the cool the magnetic field is just like one round a bar magnet
If you stop the current , the magnetic field disappears

56
Q

What are electromagnet

A

A magnet whose magnetic field can be turned on and off with an electric current

57
Q

How can you increase the magnetic field around a solenoid

A

By adding magnetically soft iron core through the middle of the coil

58
Q

Example of electromagnetic use

A

Cranes

59
Q

What is a motor effect

A

The force experienced by a current wire in a magnetic field

60
Q

2 factors which speed up the simple electric motor

A

More current

Stronger magnetic field

61
Q

What is an electromagnetic induction?

A

The creation of a potential difference across a conductor which is experiencing a change in magnetic field

62
Q

Examples of where electric motor are used in

A

CD players
Food mixers
Fan heaters

63
Q

Some appliances use electromagnetic induction to generate a current

How are dynamos used

A

Dynamos are often used on bikes to power the lights. The cogwheels at the top if positioned so that it touching one of the wheels. As the world move round, it turns the cold which is attached to the magnet. This creates an AC current to power the light

64
Q

What are transformers

A

Transformers use electromagnetic induction to change the potential difference. They only work on ac

65
Q

What are step up transformers

A

Step up transformers increase the voltage. So they have more turns on the second coil than the primary coil

66
Q

What are stepdown transformers

A

They decrease the voltage down. They have no turns on the primary coil done the secondary coil

67
Q

How does transformers work by electromagnetic induction

A

The primary coil produces a magnetic field which stays within the iron core

Because there is an alternating-current in the primary coil, The field in the iron core is constantly changing direction

This rapidly changing magnetic field is them felt by the secondary coil

The changing Field induces an Alternating potential difference across the secondary coil

The relative number of turns on the 2 coils determine whether the potential difference induced in the secondary coil is greater or less than the potential difference in the primary

68
Q

What are Switch mode transformers

A

They are a type transformers that operate at a higher frequency than the traditional Transformers

This makes them more useful in things like mobile phone charges and power supplies

69
Q

Why are switch mode transformers more efficient than other type of transformers

A

There is very little power when they are switched on but no load

70
Q

What is the job of the retinal

A

This is where images of fault it is covered in light-sensitive cells. These cells detect light and send signals to the brain to be interpreted

71
Q

What is the iris

A

This is the coloured part of the eye it is made up of muscles that control the size of the pupil. The hole in the middle of the erase controls the intensity of light entering the eye

72
Q

What is the job and the function and the function of a cornea

A

It is a transparent window with a convex shape and has a high reflective index. Does most of the eyes focusing

73
Q

What is meant by hydraulic system being used as force multipliers

A

They use a small force to produce a bigger force . They do this using liquid and with the cross sectional area

74
Q

How does a simple hydraulic system work

A

The system has to piston one with a smaller cross-sectional area then the otherpressure is transmitted equally through a liquid so the pressure at both pissed and is the same.

Pressure = force\area so at the 1st piston a pressure is exerted on the liquid using a small force over a small area. The pressure is transmitted to the 2nd piston

The 2nd piston has a larger area and so as Pressure = force\area there will be a larger force

Science (10 decks)

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