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B3 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is concentration gradient ?

A

Concentration gradient is the difference in concentration in diffusion particles

In diffusion , particle moves down a concentration gradient

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1
Q

What is diffusion ?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of a high concentration to an an area of low concentration

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2
Q

What is not required in diffusion ?

A

No Energy

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3
Q

Examples of diffusion in human

A

Gas exchange in the lungs
Inhaled air from inside the alveolus moves from a high concentration to a low concentration region when the blood is circulating through the lungs

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4
Q

What 2 factors effect the rate of diffusion ?

A

Temperature - the higher the temperature means the particle has more kinetic energy to move

Concentration - in a higher concentration there are more particles which will result in a concentration gradient

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5
Q

How are the leaves adapted to diffusion?

A

Stomata diffuses carbon dioxide into the leave and oxygen out

Large surface area

Internal air space - diffusion is faster in air than in water

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6
Q

Why is it important for the plant that diffusion is efficient ?

A

soda carbon dioxide can defeat in quickly for photosynthesis to happen and oxygen can diffuse out as a by product

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7
Q

How alveoli adapted for diffusion?

A

Large surface area
Large network of capillaries
It has moist lining so easily dissolved Oxygen difuses more rapidly into the blood

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8
Q

Why is it important for the body that gas exchange (diffusion) is efficient ?

A

This is because oxygen can diffuse quickly into the blood and be transported to the cells that need oxygen -for respiration can take place to provide energy

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9
Q

How are villi adapted for diffusion ?

A

Wars of small intestine is Finn to allow for a rapid diffusion of nutrients

The walls have a lot of villi which increases surface area for diffusion

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10
Q

What is active transport ?

A

It is the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Energy is required from respiration

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11
Q

Why is energy required from active transport

A

Because it’s going against the concentration gradient

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12
Q

Name 2 examples of active transport and explain

A

Plant cell-The root hair cell uses active transport to absorb minerals eg nitrate from the soil into the root hair cell

Animal cells - the small intestine villi cells uses active transport as well as diffusion to maxumise the absorption of glucose and other substances

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13
Q

What is osmosis ?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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14
Q

What is an exchange surface ?

A

In life process the gasses and dissolved substances have to move through some sort of exchange surface

exchange surface- have to allow enough of necessary substances to past through

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15
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to max effectiveness ?

A

Thin so easy for diffusion to occur
Large surface area - so lots of diffusion can diffuse at once
Blood vessels

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16
Q

What is the thorax ?

A

Top part of your body

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17
Q

Describe the stages for inhalation ?

A

The intercostal muscle and diaphragm contracts
So the intercostal muscle moves upwards and outwards and the diaphragm is positioned in a dome shape and the diaphragm is moved downwards
The difference in decrease pressure is created and air is drawn in

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18
Q

Describe the stages of exhalation ?

A

The diaphragm and intercostal muscle relaxes
The intercostal muscle is pushed downwards and inwards and the diaphragm is returned into its orginal position ( which is upwards)
The increase of pressure is created and air is pushed out

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19
Q

What are artificial ventilators ?

A

Ventilators are machine that moves air into and out of the lungs. They help people who can’t breath by themselves

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20
Q

What is the job of the lungs ?

A

To transfer oxygen to the blood & remove carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Where does gas exhage take place in the lungs ?

A

Alveoli

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22
Q

How does the blood arrives at the alveoli

A

Little oxygen &……..

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23
Q

How are the alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion ?

A

Enormous surface area
Moist lining for dissolving gasses
Thin walls
Good blood supply

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24
Q

What is the function of the phloem tubes ?

A

Transport food substances ( mainly dissolved sugars ) made in the leaves to growing regions eg( new shoots ) and storage organs of the plant
Transport goes in both directions

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25
Q

What us the job if the xylem tubes

A

Carry water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves in the transpiration stream

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26
Q

What is transpiration ?

A

Transpiration is caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves which
Creates a slight shortage if water in the leaf and so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels to replace it

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27
Q

Why is the heart known as a double circulatory system ?

A

The first ones pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs to in oxygen The blood then returns to the heart

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28
Q

How does the heart contract to pump blood around the body

A

deoxygenated blood is carried by the vena cava and enters the right atrium the Right Atrium contracts forcing the blood into the ventricles

The right ventricle contracts forcing deoxygenated blood out of the heart through the pulmonary artery

Oxygenated blood enters the heart through the pulmonary veins the left atrium then contracts forcing blood into the left ventricle

The ventricle contracts forcing the oxygenated blood out of the whole heart through the aorta and around the body

29
Q

What the transpiration process

A

Water enters the roots by osmosis

The water travels up through the xylem tubes

Water evaporates thoroughly the stomata in the leaves

30
Q

What factors affect the transpiration rate?

A

Light - transpiration increases in bright light - the stomata open wide door to allow more carbon dioxide into Delies for photosynthesis more water is therefore able to evaporate

Temperature - transpiration is faster in higher temperature - evaporation and diffusion of faster at higher temperatures

Winds -transpiration is faster in windy conditions-water vapour is removed quickly by Water movement speeding up the fusion of more water vapour out of the leaves

Humidity- transpiration is slower in humid conditions-The
Diffusion of water vapour out of the leaf slows down if they is already surrounded by moist air

31
Q

How does plants regulate during transpiration?

A

Factors that speed up transpiration also increase the rate of water uptake from the soil. If the loss of water is faster than the rate at which it is being replaced by the roots then plants can slow down to transpiration rate by closing some of Their stomata. this is regulated by the guard cells which lie on either side of a stoma

32
Q

What is the function of xylem tissue?

A

To transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the other parts of the plant

33
Q

what is the function of the Phloem?

A

To transport dissolved sugars around a plant

34
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

movement of water from the roots up the stem and out the leaves through the stomata

35
Q

Describe the process of inhalation ?

A

The intercostal muscle and the diaphragm contracts

The diaphragm flattens and intercostal muscle moves the rib cage up and outwards this increases the space in the Thorax

A difference is pressure is created and air drawn into the lungs

36
Q

Describe the process of exhalation

A

The intercostal muscle and the diaphragm relaxes

To diaphragm returned into its original position and the intercostal muscle Moves the rin cage inwards and downwards

This decreases the space in the Throx which creates a difference in pressure so air is forced out of the lungs

37
Q

What are the main differences between inhale air and exhale air ?

A

Inhaled air - dirtier because it contains dust and pollen etc
Exhaled air - cleaner as it’s been filtered by the cola

Ia- temperature depends on the surrounding
Ea - temperature is about 37* as it’s been heated by the blood

Ia - more oxygen & less co2
Ea - it contains less oxygen because it is useful as aerobic respiration and more carbon dioxide because it is made by respiration

Ia- wAter contents depend on humidity
Ea- more water is made in the body by respiration

38
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Is the maintenance of a constant internal environment

39
Q

What is the function of the RBC and adaptations

A

The job of the red blood cell is to carry oxygen from the lungs to order cells in the body

A doughnut shape to give a large surface area for absorbing oxygen

They don’t have nucleus so they can carry more oxygen

Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to become oxyhaeboglobin

Mitochondria is not presented so they can carry more oxygen and if the mitochondria was presented the oxygen could be used for respiration

Flexible membrane so they can squeeze through narrow capillaries

40
Q

Function of WBC

A

To defend against diseases
WBC engulf the pathogen
Produce anti toxins which neutralises toxin of pathogen
Produce antibodies

41
Q

What is the function if platelets ?

A

They help with blood clotting

They helped the blood to clot at a wound this to stop blood pouring out and stop some microorganisms getting in

42
Q

What is the job of arteries ?

A

To carry the blood away from the heart at high presume

43
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry blood out at high-pressure

A

The artery walls are stronger and elastic
The walls are thick compared to the size of the hole down the middle (lumen )
They contain a thick layer of muscle to make them strong

elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and springback

44
Q

What is the jobb of the veins ?

A

Is to carry the blood to the heart

45
Q

Apdaptation of the vein

A

The veins carry blood low-pressure so the wall don’t need to be as thick as the artery walls

A bigger lumen than arteries to help the blood flow despite the low pressure

They also have vowels to help keep the blood flow in the right direction

46
Q

Function of the capillaries ?

A

These involve the exchange of materials at the tissue

47
Q

Adaptation of capillaries ?

A

They carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them

They have a permeable so substances can diffuse in and out

They supply food and oxygen and takeaway waste like carbon dioxide

Their walls are usually one cell thick this increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs

48
Q

The 6 main things that need to be controlled in homeostasis ?

A
  • body temperature
  • water content
  • ion content
  • blood sugar

Co2
Urea

49
Q

What temperature does all enzyme work best at ?

A

37*

50
Q

What happens when the body is too hot ?

A

< hair lies flat

  • sweat is produced by sweat glands and evaporates from the skin which removes heat
  • blood vessels dilate so bloodflow is closer to the surface of your skin this makes it easier for heat to be transferred from the blood to the environment
51
Q

What happens when your too cold ?

A

Hairs stand up to Trap an insulting layer of air

No sweat is produced

Blood vessel supplying skin capillaries constrict to close off the skin blood supply

When you shiver for -your muscles contract automatically this needs respiration which releases some energy to warm the body

52
Q

3 main roles of the kidney

A

Removal of urea from the blood

Adjustment of ions in the blood

Adjustment of water content of the blood

53
Q

What is the process of removing urea ?

A

Proteins can’t be stored by the body so any excess amino acids are converted into fates and carbohydrates which can be stored

The process occurred in the liver. Urea is produced as a waste product from the reactions

Urea is poisonous so it’s released into the bloodstream by the liver and kidney then filters it out the blood and it is temporarily stored in the bladder in urine and excreted the body

54
Q

What are nephrons ?

A

Are the filtration units in the kidneys

55
Q

How can the efficiency of food production be improved?

A

Reducing the number of stages in the food change there is less energy and less biomass every time you move up a stage in a food chain

Restricting the energy loss by farm animals

Developing new food sources like mycoprotein

56
Q

What are some conflict are In efficient food production

A

Some people think forcing animals to live in unnatural and uncomfortable condition is cruel and are for organic farming

Crowded conditions on factory farms creates a favourable enviroment for the spread of diseases

Animals needs to be kept warm = radiator … Fossil fuels

Intensive farming means pressure on species

57
Q

How to tackle overfishing ?

A

To maintain fish stocks at a level where the fish continue to breed

58
Q

What is a sustainable food production ?

A

Having enough food without using resources faster than they renew

59
Q

How can fish stocks be conserved

A

Fish quotas - there are limits on the number and size of fish that can be caught on certain areas. This prevent certain species from being overfished

Net size - there are different limits of the mesh size of the fish net depending on what’s being fished . This is to reduce the number of unwanted and discarded fish & younger fish can escape allowing them to teach a breeding age

60
Q

What is fermentation ?

A

Fermentation is when bacteria or yeast break sugars down by anaerobic respiration

61
Q

How is ethanol made ?

A

Ethanol is made by anaerobic fermentation of sugars

Yeast makes ethanol when they break down glucose by anaerobic respiration

Glucose __> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

62
Q

What condition is biogas made in ?

A

Anaerobic fermentation of waste material

63
Q

What is usually in biogas ?

A

70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide

Different microorganism are used to produce biogas ferment plant and animal waste and sludge waste

64
Q

What is the difference between biogas batch generator and continoud generator?

A

Batch generator = biogas in small batches and ther are manually loaded up with waste which is left to digest and the by products are cleared away at the end of each session

Continuous generators makes biogas all the time . Waste is continuously fed in and biogas I’d produced at a steady rate . Continuos generators are suited to large scale biogas projects

65
Q

What does either a batch or continoud biogas generator have

A

An inlet for waste materials to be put in

An outlet for the digested material to be removed through

An outlet do that the biogas can be piped to where it’s needed

66
Q

What are the 4 factors to consider when designing a generator ?

A

Cost
Convenience
Efficiency
Position

67
Q

What are some economic & environmental effects of biofuels ?

A
  • they are carbon neutral
  • dosent produce a lot of soulful dioxide and nitrogen oxide which causes acid rain
  • methane - greenhouse gas is given off from unwanted waste. Burning it as biogas means it’s not released into the atmosphere
  • the raw material is cheap and readily available
68
Q

Why do you humans have double circulatory system

A

The first one pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen then blood returns back to the heart

The second one pumps oxygenated blood around all of the other organs in the body. The blood gives up its oxygen to the body cells and a deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out again

69
Q

How does blood flow through the heart

Deoxygenated blood

A

Deoxygenated blood is carried by the vena cava from the body back to the heart. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through to vena cava and the right atrium contracts forcing blood into the ventricles.The right ventricle contracts forcing deoxygenated blood out of the heart through the pulmonary artery

70
Q

How does blood flow through the heart

oxygenated blood

A

Oxygenated blood enters the heart the the pulmonary veins The left Atrium contracts forcing blood into the left ventricle .The ventricles contract is forcing oxygenated blood out of the heart through the aorta and around the body

Science (10 decks)

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