B3 Flashcards
What is concentration gradient ?
Concentration gradient is the difference in concentration in diffusion particles
In diffusion , particle moves down a concentration gradient
What is diffusion ?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of a high concentration to an an area of low concentration
What is not required in diffusion ?
No Energy
Examples of diffusion in human
Gas exchange in the lungs
Inhaled air from inside the alveolus moves from a high concentration to a low concentration region when the blood is circulating through the lungs
What 2 factors effect the rate of diffusion ?
Temperature - the higher the temperature means the particle has more kinetic energy to move
Concentration - in a higher concentration there are more particles which will result in a concentration gradient
How are the leaves adapted to diffusion?
Stomata diffuses carbon dioxide into the leave and oxygen out
Large surface area
Internal air space - diffusion is faster in air than in water
Why is it important for the plant that diffusion is efficient ?
soda carbon dioxide can defeat in quickly for photosynthesis to happen and oxygen can diffuse out as a by product
How alveoli adapted for diffusion?
Large surface area
Large network of capillaries
It has moist lining so easily dissolved Oxygen difuses more rapidly into the blood
Why is it important for the body that gas exchange (diffusion) is efficient ?
This is because oxygen can diffuse quickly into the blood and be transported to the cells that need oxygen -for respiration can take place to provide energy
How are villi adapted for diffusion ?
Wars of small intestine is Finn to allow for a rapid diffusion of nutrients
The walls have a lot of villi which increases surface area for diffusion
What is active transport ?
It is the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Energy is required from respiration
Why is energy required from active transport
Because it’s going against the concentration gradient
Name 2 examples of active transport and explain
Plant cell-The root hair cell uses active transport to absorb minerals eg nitrate from the soil into the root hair cell
Animal cells - the small intestine villi cells uses active transport as well as diffusion to maxumise the absorption of glucose and other substances
What is osmosis ?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
What is an exchange surface ?
In life process the gasses and dissolved substances have to move through some sort of exchange surface
exchange surface- have to allow enough of necessary substances to past through
How are exchange surfaces adapted to max effectiveness ?
Thin so easy for diffusion to occur
Large surface area - so lots of diffusion can diffuse at once
Blood vessels
What is the thorax ?
Top part of your body
Describe the stages for inhalation ?
The intercostal muscle and diaphragm contracts
So the intercostal muscle moves upwards and outwards and the diaphragm is positioned in a dome shape and the diaphragm is moved downwards
The difference in decrease pressure is created and air is drawn in
Describe the stages of exhalation ?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscle relaxes
The intercostal muscle is pushed downwards and inwards and the diaphragm is returned into its orginal position ( which is upwards)
The increase of pressure is created and air is pushed out
What are artificial ventilators ?
Ventilators are machine that moves air into and out of the lungs. They help people who can’t breath by themselves
What is the job of the lungs ?
To transfer oxygen to the blood & remove carbon dioxide
Where does gas exhage take place in the lungs ?
Alveoli
How does the blood arrives at the alveoli
Little oxygen &……..
How are the alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion ?
Enormous surface area
Moist lining for dissolving gasses
Thin walls
Good blood supply
What is the function of the phloem tubes ?
Transport food substances ( mainly dissolved sugars ) made in the leaves to growing regions eg( new shoots ) and storage organs of the plant
Transport goes in both directions
What us the job if the xylem tubes
Carry water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves in the transpiration stream
What is transpiration ?
Transpiration is caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves which
Creates a slight shortage if water in the leaf and so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels to replace it
Why is the heart known as a double circulatory system ?
The first ones pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs to in oxygen The blood then returns to the heart
How does the heart contract to pump blood around the body
deoxygenated blood is carried by the vena cava and enters the right atrium the Right Atrium contracts forcing the blood into the ventricles
The right ventricle contracts forcing deoxygenated blood out of the heart through the pulmonary artery
Oxygenated blood enters the heart through the pulmonary veins the left atrium then contracts forcing blood into the left ventricle
The ventricle contracts forcing the oxygenated blood out of the whole heart through the aorta and around the body
What the transpiration process
Water enters the roots by osmosis
The water travels up through the xylem tubes
Water evaporates thoroughly the stomata in the leaves
What factors affect the transpiration rate?
Light - transpiration increases in bright light - the stomata open wide door to allow more carbon dioxide into Delies for photosynthesis more water is therefore able to evaporate
Temperature - transpiration is faster in higher temperature - evaporation and diffusion of faster at higher temperatures
Winds -transpiration is faster in windy conditions-water vapour is removed quickly by Water movement speeding up the fusion of more water vapour out of the leaves
Humidity- transpiration is slower in humid conditions-The
Diffusion of water vapour out of the leaf slows down if they is already surrounded by moist air
How does plants regulate during transpiration?
Factors that speed up transpiration also increase the rate of water uptake from the soil. If the loss of water is faster than the rate at which it is being replaced by the roots then plants can slow down to transpiration rate by closing some of Their stomata. this is regulated by the guard cells which lie on either side of a stoma
What is the function of xylem tissue?
To transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the other parts of the plant
what is the function of the Phloem?
To transport dissolved sugars around a plant
What is the transpiration stream?
movement of water from the roots up the stem and out the leaves through the stomata
Describe the process of inhalation ?
The intercostal muscle and the diaphragm contracts
The diaphragm flattens and intercostal muscle moves the rib cage up and outwards this increases the space in the Thorax
A difference is pressure is created and air drawn into the lungs
Describe the process of exhalation
The intercostal muscle and the diaphragm relaxes
To diaphragm returned into its original position and the intercostal muscle Moves the rin cage inwards and downwards
This decreases the space in the Throx which creates a difference in pressure so air is forced out of the lungs
What are the main differences between inhale air and exhale air ?
Inhaled air - dirtier because it contains dust and pollen etc
Exhaled air - cleaner as it’s been filtered by the cola
Ia- temperature depends on the surrounding
Ea - temperature is about 37* as it’s been heated by the blood
Ia - more oxygen & less co2
Ea - it contains less oxygen because it is useful as aerobic respiration and more carbon dioxide because it is made by respiration
Ia- wAter contents depend on humidity
Ea- more water is made in the body by respiration
What is homeostasis
Is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
What is the function of the RBC and adaptations
The job of the red blood cell is to carry oxygen from the lungs to order cells in the body
A doughnut shape to give a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
They don’t have nucleus so they can carry more oxygen
Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to become oxyhaeboglobin
Mitochondria is not presented so they can carry more oxygen and if the mitochondria was presented the oxygen could be used for respiration
Flexible membrane so they can squeeze through narrow capillaries
Function of WBC
To defend against diseases
WBC engulf the pathogen
Produce anti toxins which neutralises toxin of pathogen
Produce antibodies
What is the function if platelets ?
They help with blood clotting
They helped the blood to clot at a wound this to stop blood pouring out and stop some microorganisms getting in
What is the job of arteries ?
To carry the blood away from the heart at high presume
How are arteries adapted to carry blood out at high-pressure
The artery walls are stronger and elastic
The walls are thick compared to the size of the hole down the middle (lumen )
They contain a thick layer of muscle to make them strong
elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and springback
What is the jobb of the veins ?
Is to carry the blood to the heart
Apdaptation of the vein
The veins carry blood low-pressure so the wall don’t need to be as thick as the artery walls
A bigger lumen than arteries to help the blood flow despite the low pressure
They also have vowels to help keep the blood flow in the right direction
Function of the capillaries ?
These involve the exchange of materials at the tissue
Adaptation of capillaries ?
They carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them
They have a permeable so substances can diffuse in and out
They supply food and oxygen and takeaway waste like carbon dioxide
Their walls are usually one cell thick this increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs
The 6 main things that need to be controlled in homeostasis ?
- body temperature
- water content
- ion content
- blood sugar
Co2
Urea
What temperature does all enzyme work best at ?
37*
What happens when the body is too hot ?
< hair lies flat
- sweat is produced by sweat glands and evaporates from the skin which removes heat
- blood vessels dilate so bloodflow is closer to the surface of your skin this makes it easier for heat to be transferred from the blood to the environment
What happens when your too cold ?
Hairs stand up to Trap an insulting layer of air
No sweat is produced
Blood vessel supplying skin capillaries constrict to close off the skin blood supply
When you shiver for -your muscles contract automatically this needs respiration which releases some energy to warm the body
3 main roles of the kidney
Removal of urea from the blood
Adjustment of ions in the blood
Adjustment of water content of the blood
What is the process of removing urea ?
Proteins can’t be stored by the body so any excess amino acids are converted into fates and carbohydrates which can be stored
The process occurred in the liver. Urea is produced as a waste product from the reactions
Urea is poisonous so it’s released into the bloodstream by the liver and kidney then filters it out the blood and it is temporarily stored in the bladder in urine and excreted the body
What are nephrons ?
Are the filtration units in the kidneys
How can the efficiency of food production be improved?
Reducing the number of stages in the food change there is less energy and less biomass every time you move up a stage in a food chain
Restricting the energy loss by farm animals
Developing new food sources like mycoprotein
What are some conflict are In efficient food production
Some people think forcing animals to live in unnatural and uncomfortable condition is cruel and are for organic farming
Crowded conditions on factory farms creates a favourable enviroment for the spread of diseases
Animals needs to be kept warm = radiator … Fossil fuels
Intensive farming means pressure on species
How to tackle overfishing ?
To maintain fish stocks at a level where the fish continue to breed
What is a sustainable food production ?
Having enough food without using resources faster than they renew
How can fish stocks be conserved
Fish quotas - there are limits on the number and size of fish that can be caught on certain areas. This prevent certain species from being overfished
Net size - there are different limits of the mesh size of the fish net depending on what’s being fished . This is to reduce the number of unwanted and discarded fish & younger fish can escape allowing them to teach a breeding age
What is fermentation ?
Fermentation is when bacteria or yeast break sugars down by anaerobic respiration
How is ethanol made ?
Ethanol is made by anaerobic fermentation of sugars
Yeast makes ethanol when they break down glucose by anaerobic respiration
Glucose __> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
What condition is biogas made in ?
Anaerobic fermentation of waste material
What is usually in biogas ?
70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide
Different microorganism are used to produce biogas ferment plant and animal waste and sludge waste
What is the difference between biogas batch generator and continoud generator?
Batch generator = biogas in small batches and ther are manually loaded up with waste which is left to digest and the by products are cleared away at the end of each session
Continuous generators makes biogas all the time . Waste is continuously fed in and biogas I’d produced at a steady rate . Continuos generators are suited to large scale biogas projects
What does either a batch or continoud biogas generator have
An inlet for waste materials to be put in
An outlet for the digested material to be removed through
An outlet do that the biogas can be piped to where it’s needed
What are the 4 factors to consider when designing a generator ?
Cost
Convenience
Efficiency
Position
What are some economic & environmental effects of biofuels ?
- they are carbon neutral
- dosent produce a lot of soulful dioxide and nitrogen oxide which causes acid rain
- methane - greenhouse gas is given off from unwanted waste. Burning it as biogas means it’s not released into the atmosphere
- the raw material is cheap and readily available
Why do you humans have double circulatory system
The first one pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen then blood returns back to the heart
The second one pumps oxygenated blood around all of the other organs in the body. The blood gives up its oxygen to the body cells and a deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out again
How does blood flow through the heart
Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood is carried by the vena cava from the body back to the heart. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through to vena cava and the right atrium contracts forcing blood into the ventricles.The right ventricle contracts forcing deoxygenated blood out of the heart through the pulmonary artery
How does blood flow through the heart
oxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood enters the heart the the pulmonary veins The left Atrium contracts forcing blood into the left ventricle .The ventricles contract is forcing oxygenated blood out of the heart through the aorta and around the body
