Biology 1b enviroment&evolution Flashcards
Why has an offspring got features of both mum and dad ?
Because each parent contain 23 pairs of chromosomes which carry genes.these genes carry DNA which controll eye color and hair
What is sexual reproduction?
Is where 2 organism (sperm and a egg ) combine to produce an offspring
What is Asexual reproduction ?
Had exactly the same genetic information as 1 of the parent . The offspring are genetically identical to the parent - clones
What are the 2 different ways plants can be clones ?
Cutting - gardener a take cutting from good parent plant, and then plant them to produce genetically identical copies
Tissue Culture- few plant cells are put into growth medium with hormones into new plants clones of the parent plant
What are the adv of tissue culture ?
They are made very quick
In little space
And be grown all year
What is adult cell cloning ?
Taking an unfertilised egg cell and removing the nucleus
A complete set of Christine’s from an adult body cell eg skin cell is inserted into the empty egg cell
The egg cell is stimulates be an electric shock so the egg cell divides like a normal embryos
The embryo is a ball of cells and is implanted into surrogate mother
Give 3 ways desert animals have adapted to save water and keep cool?
- Lose less water by producing small amount of contracted urine
- Have thin layers of body fat and thin coat to help lose body heat
- Large surface area to volume which lose more body heat
How has artic animals adapted ?
Well insulated - thick layer of blubber & acts as energy store when. Food is little
Thick hairy coats keeps body heat in and greats sheds water
How are desert plants adapted to having little water ?
Plants loose water vapour from the surface to their leaves
Water storage tissues eg thick stem
Max water adoration so extensive roots to absorb water quickly over large area
How are aome animals and plants adapted to deter predators ?
Have amour eg: throbs and sharp spines and shells
Poisons eg bees
Warning colours
Why do organism compete for resources ?
To survive and reproduce
What do plant compete for?
Light
Space
Water
Minerals from the soil
What do animals compete for
Space
Food
Water
Mates to reproduce
What are the living factors of enviromental changes ?
Infectious diseases
Number of predators
Change In no. Of prey affects availability of food source
What are the non living factors of enviromental changes ?
Change in avg tempteture
Change in avg rainfall
Change in level of air/water pollution
How does enviromental changes affect population ?
Population size decrease
Population size increase
Population distribution changes
How does environmental changes affect the population size when increasing?
If the number of prey increases there is more food available for the predators so more predators survive and reproduce so the predators increases
How does environmental changes affect if the population size decreases?
Maybe if pesticides are having a negative effect on insects or animals
There is less food available
There is more diseases
How does environmental changes affect the population distribution?
Maybe a specific animal species is changing because of a rise in average temperature
What are enviromental factor which might affect the growth of a plant ?
Water
Tempteture
space
What are the stages of Carbon Cycle ?
- Photosynthesis occur removing CO2 from the atmosphere
- Some CO2 returns back when the plant respire
- Carbon moves through the food chain as eaten by animals
- Some carbon return to the atmosphere as CO2 when animal respire
- when plant or animal for organism feed on remain-When Organism respire CO2 return to the atmosphere
- animal produce waste and broken by detritus feeders and microorganism
- Compounds from waste take. From the soil by plants as nutrient - back into food chain
What term would you describe an organism that can survive in serve condition ?
Ex trophies
What do animal compete for ?
Territory
Food
Mates
Water
Why can animals not survive in different habitats?
Exposed to predators
Wrong food
Cannot compete with other animals
How does Darwin’s theory of natural selection occur ?
Variation occurs between organism within species
Organism with better characteristic are fittest to survive so better adapted
Genes passed onto offspring - next generation
Why wouldn’t a vaccination against measles not protect against rubella ?
Because antibodies are specific to measles antigens
How to prepare an un contaminated culture of the bacterium in Petri dish ?
Petri dish and algae are sterilised before use to kill unwanted bacteria
Loob/ swab used to spread bacterium onto agar
Lid of Petri dish opened as little as possible to prevent microbes from entering
Sealed with tape to prevent microbes from entering the air
Incubate to allow growth of bacteria
What processes occur in the Carbon cycle ?
Respiration
Combustion
Photosynthesis
Why are respiration faster in tropic Forrest
Because conditions are humid and moist so many microorganism so a lot of material to decay
How could enviromental changes be measured ?
Give an example
Living indications
Air-pollution can be monitored by looking at particular types of like lichens that are very sensitive to the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere
Is light-chain is a Good or bad living indicator
The number and type of Leitch in a particular location will indicate how clean the areas four example if the area is clean there will be lots of lichens
What are good indicators of water pollution?
Mayfly are good indicators for water pollution because they are very sensitive to the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water if you find may file in a river it indicates that the water is clean
How can you make animal cloned you send embryo transplant ?
Sperm cells are taken from a prize bull and egg cells are taken from a prize cow . The sperms I didn’t use to artificially fertilise an egg cells. The embryo that develops is then split many time to form clones before any cells becomes specialise
These cloned embryos can then be implanted into lots of other cowls where they grow into baby calves which will be all genetically identical to each other
How is adult cell cloning another way to make a clone?
This involves taking an unfertilised egg cell and with moving its genetic material e.g. the nucleus. A complete set of chromosomes from an adult body cell e.g. skin cell is inserted into the empty egg cell
The Egg cell if then stimulated by an electric shock this makes it divide just like a normal embryo
When the embryo is a ball of sale in instead and implanted into an adult female to grow into a clone of the original adult body cell
What are some issues that surround the cloning
Cloning should be used to help preserve endangered species is
Cloning could possibly suggest it may not be as healthy as the normal one
There will be a reduced Gene pool
Describe the process of using enzymes for genetic engineering
A useful gene is cut from one organism chromosome using enzymes
Enzymes are then used to cut another organism chromosome and then to insert a useful gene
What is genetically modified crops
This is when the jeans have been modified e.g. to make them resistant to viruses, insects or herbicide
What ours are a few disadvantages with GM crops?
Some people would say GM crops will affect the number of weed and flower so the population of insects that live in and around the area decreases -reducing farmland biodiversity
People are worried they may develop allergies to the food
Transplanting genes may get out into the natural environment
What are some advantages of a GM crops?
GM crops can increase the yield of a crop making more food
People living in the Developing nations often lack nutrition in their diet. GM crops could be engineered to contain the nutrients that is missing
