P2- Using resources Flashcards
1
Q
4 things humans use the Earth’s resources for
A
-Warmth
-Shelter
-Food
-Transport
2
Q
What are natural resources?
A
-Resources that form without human input
-Come from the earth, sea and air
3
Q
What are natural resources supplemented by?
A
Agriculture
4
Q
What do natural resources provide?
A
-Food
-Timber
-Clothing
-Fuels
5
Q
2 types of natural resources
A
-Finite
-Renewable
6
Q
What are finite resources?
A
-A resource that is used faster than we can replace them and therefore will eventually run out
-They are processed to provide energy and materials from the Earth, ocean and atmosphere
7
Q
4 examples of finite resources
A
1) Metal ores to extract metals
2) Crude oil to make polymers/petrochemicals
3) Limestone to make cement/concrete
4) Crude oil to make petrol/diesel for transport
(Fossil fuels)
8
Q
What are renewable resources?
A
-A resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which they are used up and therefore will not run out
9
Q
3 examples of renewable resources
A
1) Plastics produced from ethanol made by fermenting glucose from sugar care rather than using crude oil
2) Using wood chips in power stations rather than traditional fossil fuels
3) Timber as trees only take a few years to grow
10
Q
5 finite materials
A
-Crude oil
-Nuclear fuels
-Natural gas
-Coal
-Metals
11
Q
6 renewable materials
A
-Solar power
-Wood
-Leather
-Natural gas
-Cotton
-Ethanol
12
Q
What is sustainable development?
A
Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
13
Q
What is potable water?
A
Water that is safe to drink
14
Q
What is water of appropriate quality essential for?
A
Life
15
Q
What should drinking water have to make it safe for humans to drink?
A
Sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes
16
Q
Why is potable water not pure water in the chemical sense?
A
It contains dissolved substances
17
Q
2 things methods used to produce potable water depend on
A
-Available supplies of water
-Local conditions
18
Q
3 ways potable water is produced by
A
1) Rainwater or underground H2O stored in dams and reservoirs (must be treated)
2) Filtration (passing water through filter beds to remove solid particles)
3) Sterilising
19
Q
How does filtration work?
A
A wire mesh screens out large twigs etc and then gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid bits
20
Q
How does sterilisation work?
A
The water is sterilised to kill any harmful bacteria or microbes
21
Q
3 ways sterilisation can be done
A
1) Bubbling chlorine gas
2) Using ozone
3) Using ultraviolet light
22
Q
What happens if there is not enough fresh water?
A
The desalination of sea water or salty water
23
Q
What is desalination?
A
The removing of salts to produce pure water
24
Q
2 ways desalination can be done
A
1) Distillation
2) Reverse osmosis
25
Process of distillation
-Water is boiled and evaporates to produce steam
-Steam travels up into a condensing tube
-It condenses and is collected as pure water
-Expensive because a lot of energy is required to boil the water
26
Process of reverse osmosis
-Movement of water from a high concentration of salt to a low concentration of salt through a semi permeable membrane when high pressure is applied
27
What do both distillation and reverse osmosis require?
Lots of energy (expensive)
28
What do urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce?
Large amounts of water
29
What do sewage and agricultural waste water require?
The removal of organic matter and harmful microbes
30
4 things sewage treatment includes
1) Screening and grit removal
2) Sedimentation
3) Anaerobic digestion
4) Aerobic biological treatment
31
Screening and grit removal
Remove large solid particles e.g grit by passing the sewage through a screen
32
Sedimentation
Allows the small solid particles (sediments) to sink to the bottom of the tank forming sewage sludge while the liquid (effluent) remains above
33
Anaerobic digestion
-Sewage sludge is dried and anaerobically digested (broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen)
-The digestion removes organic matter
-Sludge can also be used as fertiliser or incinerated
34
Aerobic biological treatment
-Effluent is aerobically digested removing organic matter and harmful microbes
-Fairly harmless so can be released into rivers and seas
35
The Earth's resources of metal ores are...
Limited
36
Properties of copper
-Ductile
-Shiny
-Malleable
-Solid at room temperature
-Good conductor
37
2 examples of copper ores
-Malachite= Copper Carbonate (Cu2CO3)
-Chalcocite= Copper Sulphide (Cu2S)
38
What are high grade copper ores?
Contain a high percentage of copper
39
2 examples of high grade copper ores
-Smelting
-Electrolysis
40
What are low grade copper ores?
Contain a low percentage of copper
41
2 examples of low grade copper ores
-Phytomining (Plants)
-Bioleaching (Bacteria)
42
Phytomining
- Plants grow on copper sites
-They take up/absorb copper minerals/ions into their roots (by diffusion or active transport)
-Burn the plants and get the copper from the ashes
-Ash contains copper oxide which reacts with sulphuric acid to produce copper sulphate
43
Equation used in phytomining
Copper ion + Oxide ion -> Copper oxide
Cu^2+ + 0^2 -> CuO
44
Bioleaching
-Bacteria absorbs copper compounds
-Then produce solutions called leachates (which contain copper) that can be extracted
45
Evaluation of phytomining
-Cleans up contaminated land
-Burning plants produce Carbon dioxide
-Poor quality copper is produced
46
Evaluation of bioleaching
-Uses less electricity than phytomining
-Slow process
-No waste gases
-Sometimes produce toxic chemicals
47
Less green methods of extracting copper
-Electrolysis
-Copper compounds displaced using scrap ion to extract copper
48
If a company wants to manufacture a new product, what do they carry out?
A Life cycle assessment
49
What is a Life Cycle Assessment?
An assessment that looks at every stage of a product's life to assess the impact it would have on the environment
50
4 steps in a Life Cycle Assessment
1) Extracting and processing raw materials
2) Manufacturing and packaging
3) Using and reusing the product
4) Product disposal
51
Extracting and processing raw materials (LCA)
-Raw materials are obtained and processed to make useful materials
-Energy and water is used in the processing
52
Manufacturing and processing (LCA)
-Materials are used to make the product
-Energy and water is used in the manufacturing
-Carbon dioxide is used in the manufacturing
53
Distribution (LCA)
-Product transported for sale/use
-Energy needed to transport the product
-Greenhouse gases created during transport
54
Using and reusing the product (LCA)
-Energy needed to use and maintain the product
-Water and chemicals needed to maintain it
55
Product disposal (LCA)
-Energy needed to dispose of the product
-Space needed to store the rubbish
56
Evaluation of a plastic bag
-Raw material= Crude oil
-Manufacturing= Compounds needed to make the plastic are extracted from crude oil by fractional distillation, cracking and polymerisation
-Using product= Can be reused
-Disposal= Recyclable but not biodegradable, take up space in landfill and pollute land
57
Evaluation of a paper bag
-Raw material= Timber
-Manufacturing= Pulped timber is processed using lots of energy. Lots of waste is made
-Using product= Usually only used once
-Disposal= Biodegradable, non-toxic and can be recycled
58
5 examples of limited raw materials
1) Plastics
2) Metals
3) Clay ceramics
4) Building materials
5) Glass
59
3 examples of limited energy resources
1) Coal
2) Oil
3) Gas
60
2 products that can be reused
1) Glass bottles (Rinsed and filled with new liquid)
2) Plastic carrier bags (Reused by taking it to the shop)
61
What does charging for plastic bags reduce?
Demand, which reduces the amount of limited resources used
62
How do you obtain raw materials from the earth? (2 things)
1) Quarrying
2) Mining
63
What does quarrying and mining cause?
Environmental impacts
64
Examples of environmental impacts
-Dust
-Noise
-Water mixing with metal ores in the ground can cause water which pollutes water sources
65
Step by step of how glass is reused
1) Glass is collected
2) Glass is separated from paper and metal
3) Glass is crushed and then sorted by colour
4) Glass chips are melted down
5) Glass is reformed using moulds into new products
66
What does the amount of separation required for recycling depend on?
-The material
-The properties required of the final product
67
What is corrosion?
The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
68
What metal corrodes easily?
Iron
69
Main example of corrosion
Rusting
70
2 things needed for iron to rust
-Air (Oxygen)
-Water
71
Product of iron + oxygen + water
Hydrated iron (III) oxide
72
What is rust?
A soft crumbly solid that soon flakes off to leave more iron available to rust again
73
Why is aluminium more protected than iron from rusting?
-Aluminium isn't completely destroyed by corrosion like iron
-Aluminium oxide that forms when aluminium corrodes doesn't flake away
-It forms a protective layer/oxide coating protecting the metal from further corrosion
74
How can corrosion be prevented?
Applying a coating over the iron to act as a barrier from water and oxygen
75
3 ways to prevent rusting
-Painting
-Oiling
-Electroplating
76
How does electroplating work?
-Uses electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode
-Coats iron with a layer of a different metal that won't be corroded away
77
What is sacrificial protection?
-Involves placing a more reactive metal like zinc or magnesium with the iron
-Water and oxygen then react with the sacrificial metal instead of iron
78
How is an object galvanised?
-An object is sprayed with a coating of zinc
-Zinc layer is protective but even if scratched, the zinc around the site of the scratch works as a sacrificial metal
79
What are most metals in everyday use?
Alloys
80
What is Bronze an alloy of?
-Copper + Tin
-Bronze is harder than copper
81
What is Bronze used for?
-Medals
-Statues
-Decorative ornaments
82
What is Brass an alloy of?
Copper + Zinc
83
What is Brass used for?
-Water taps
-Door fittings
(Brass is more malleable than Bronze)
84
What are Gold alloys used to make?
Jewellery
85
What is Gold an alloy of?
Silver + Copper + Zinc
86
What is the proportion of gold in its alloy measured in?
Carats
87
How many carats is pure (100%) gold?
24
88
How many carats in 75% gold?
18
89
What is steel?
Alloys of iron
90
What does steel contain?
Specific amounts of carbon and other metals
91
2 properties of high carbon steel
-Strong
-Brittle
92
2 properties of low carbon steel
-Soft
-Malleable
93
2 properties of stainless steel (steel containing chromium and nickel)
-Hard
-Resistant to corrosion
94
Are aluminium alloys high or low density?
Low
95
What are ceramics?
-Non metal solids
-High melting points
-Can be made from clay
96
What is clay?
-A soft material when dug up from the ground
-Can be moulded into different shapes
-Ideal for making pottery and bricks
97
How are clay ceramics made?
-Shape wet clay
-Heat in a furnace to harden
98
What is most of the glass we use called?
Soda lime glass
99
How is soda lime glass made?
-Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone until it melts
-When it cools it comes out as glass
100
What other type of glass has a higher melting point than soda lime glass?
Borosilicate glass
101
How is borosilicate glass made?
-Heating a mixture of sand and boron trioxide until it melts
-When it cools it comes out as glass
102
2 things the properties of polymers depend on?
-What monomers they are made from
-The conditions under which they are made
103
What is Low density (LD) poly(ethene) made from?
-Made from ethene at moderate temperatures under high pressure
-It's flexible and used for bags/bottles
104
What is High density (HD) poly(ethene) made from?
-Made from ethene but at a lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst
-It's rigid and used for water tanks/drainpipes
105
Explain the structure of thermosoftening polymers
-Contain individual polymer chains entwined together with weak forces between the chains
-You can melt these plastics and remould them
-Soften when they are heated
106
Explain the structure of thermosetting polymers
-Contain monomers that can form cross links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure
-Don't soften when they are heated
-Strong, hard, rigid
107
What are composites made of?
Two materials, a matrix or binder surrounding and binding together fibres and fragments of the other material
108
What is the reinforcement?
The fibres or fragments of a material that are surrounded by the matrix, acting as a binder
109
4 examples of composites
1) Fibreglass
2) Carbon fibre
3) Concrete
4) Wood
110
How is fibreglass a composite?
Consists of fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of polymer (plastic)
111
How are carbon fibres composites?
-Have a polymer matrix
-The reinforcement is either made from long carbon atom chains bonded together or from carbon nanotubes
112
How is concrete a composite?
Made from aggregate embedded in cement
113
How is wood a composite?
Natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix
114
Properties of ceramics
-Insulators of heat and electricity
-Brittle
-Stiff
115
Properties of polymers
-Insulators of heat and electricity
-Flexible
-Malleable
116
Properties of composites
-Depend on the matrix/binder and reinforcement
-Have many different uses
117
Properties of metals
-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-Ductile
-Malleable
-Shiny
-Stiff
118
What is the Haber process used to manufacture?
Ammonia
119
What can ammonia produce?
Nitrogen based fertilisers
120
Word and symbol equation to make ammonia
-Nitrogen + Hydrogen -> Ammonia (+heat)
-N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) -> 2NH3 (g)
121
What are the 2 raw materials for the Haber process?
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
122
What is the source for nitrogen for the Haber process?
Obtained easily from the air
123
What is the source for hydrogen for the Haber process?
Comes from reacting methane with steam to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide
124
What are the reactant gases (nitrogen and hydrogen) passed over in the Haber process?
-Iron catalyst
-High temperature and high pressure
125
What temperature and pressure is used in the Haber process?
-Temperature= 450 degrees celsius
-Pressure= 200 atmospheres
126
What kind of reaction is the one used in the Haber process and what does this mean?
-Reversible
-Some of the ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen
127
What 2 things happen when ammonia cools in the Haber process?
-Ammonia liquefies and is removed
-Unused hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled
128
What is dynamic equilibrium in reversible reactions?
-When the forward and backward reaction are equal
-At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products stay constant over time
-In a closed system, both reactions continue, but there is no in the amount of products or reactants
129
What is the rate of ammonia like at equilibrium in the Haber process?
The rate of ammonia formation equals the rate of ammonia decomposition
130
Effect of high temperature on equilibrium in Haber process
-Speeds up the rate of reaction
-Shifts equilibrium away from ammonia production (exothermic)
-Reduces ammonia yield but increases speed
131
Effect of low temperature on equilibrium in Haber process
-Slows down the rate of reaction
Shifts equilibrium towards more ammonia (exothermic)
-Increases yield but reduces reaction rate
132
Effect of high pressure on equilibrium in Haber process
-Shifts equilibrium towards more ammonia production (fewer molecules on the product side)
-Increases the yield of ammonia
133
Effect of low pressure on equilibrium in Haber process
-Lowers the yield of ammonia but is cheaper to maintain
-A compromise is needed between yield and cost
134
Compromise conditions used between rate of production and position of equilibrium
-450 degrees celsium temperature
-200 atmosphere pressure
-Iron catalyst used
135
3 elements used as fertilisers to improve agricultural productivity
-Nitrogen (N)
-Phosphorous (P)
-Potassium (K)
136
What are NPK Fertilisers?
-Formulations of various salts containing appropriate percentages of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium
137
Why are NPK Fertilisers essential for plants?
They provide plants with the essential elements for growth
138
How can indsutrial production of NPK Fertilisers be achieved?
Using a variety of raw materials in several integrated processes
139
What is used to produce nitrogen-containing compounds?
Ammonia
140
What is the product when ammonia is reacted with oxygen and water in a series of reactions?
Nitric acid
141
What is the product when ammonia reacts with acids?
Ammonium salts
142
How is the reaction of ammonium nitrate carried out in INDUSTRY?
-Reaction is carried out in giant vats at high concentrations resulting in a very exothermic reaction
-Heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixture to make a very concentrated ammonium nitrate product
143
How is the reaction of ammonium nitrate carried out in the LABORATORY?
-Carried on a much smaller scale by titration and crystallisation
-Reactants are at a much lower concentration than in industry, so less heat is produced by the reaction, safer for one to carry out
-After titration, mixture is crystallised to give pure ammonium nitrate crystals
144
How are phosphate and potassium sourced?
Mined compounds
145
What two compounds can be mined and used as a source of potassium?
Potassium chloride
Potassium sulphate
146
What other compound is also mined but can't be used as nutrients for plants?
Phosphate rock, because the phosphate salt in the rocks in insoluble
147
3 acids that can react with phosphate rock to produce soluble salts to be used as fertilisers
1) Nitric acid
2) Sulfuric acid
3) Phosphoric acid
148
Products of a phosphate rock and nitric acid reaction
Phosphoric acid + Calcium nitrate
149
Products of a phosphate rock and sulfuric acid reaction
Calcium sulfate + Calcium phosphate
150
Products of a phosphate rock and phosphoric acid reaction
Calcium phosphate
