P1- Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table

Question 1

Define compound

Answer 1

Made from atoms of two or more different elements, chemically bonded together

Question 2

Define element

Answer 2

A substance made from only one type of atom. They contain atoms that have the same number of protons

Question 3

Define mixture

Answer 3

Consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically bonded together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture is unchanged and they can be separated easily

Question 4

How do you write a chemical formulae

Answer 4

Metal always comes first when writing, group number order, wrote the element symbol for each element in the compound, each symbol starts with capital letter, if there is more than one atom of an element, write the number small and after element symbol

Question 5

What is the charge of protons

Answer 5

Positive

Question 6

What is the charge of electrons

Answer 6

Negative

Question 7

What is the charge of neutrons

Answer 7

0/ Neutral

Question 8

What is the relative mass of protons

Answer 8

1

Question 9

What is the relative mass of electrons

Answer 9

Very little (1/2000)

Question 10

What is the relative mass of neutrons

Answer 10

1

Question 11

How is hydroxide represented

Answer 11

OH^-

Question 12

How is carbonate presented

Answer 12

CO^2-

Question 13

How is sulfate presented

Answer 13

S04^2-

Question 14

How is nitrate presented

Answer 14

NO3^-

Question 15

Define conservation of mass

Answer 15

The total mass of the products formed in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants

Question 16

What are the rules for balancing equations

Answer 16

please start by counting the number of atoms present, only large numbers can be added at the front of the elements/compounds, anything in brackets is affected by the small number, always re-check the atoms present once you have balanced the equation

Question 17

What is filtration

Answer 17

The method of separating insoluble solids from liquids

Question 18

An example of filtration

Answer 18

Sand can be separated from a mixture of sand and water using alteration. that’s because sand does not dissolve in water

Question 19

What is distillation

Answer 19

The method of separating liquids by their boiling points, or separating a liquid from a solution. The liquid undergoes evaporation and condensing in this process

Question 20

An example of distillation

Answer 20

water can be separated from salty water by simple distillation

Question 21

What is crystallisation

Answer 21

The method of separating a soluble solid from a liquid

Question 22

An example of crystallisation

Answer 22

The sulphate crystals can be separated from copper sulphate solution, using crystallisation.

Question 23

What is chromatography

Answer 23

A method of separating and analysing a mixture of soluble chemical substances. it is good for separating dissolved substances that have different colours, such as inks and plant dyes

Question 24

An example of chromatography

Answer 24

Separating colours from a dye on paper

Question 25

What is the top number on an element and what does it mean

Answer 25

Atomic mass, number of protons + neutrons

Question 26

What does the bottom number of an element and what does that mean

Answer 26

Atomic number, number of protons / electrons

Question 27

Define isotopes

Answer 27

terms of the same element, which have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

Question 28

How to work out relative atomic mass

Answer 28

(Abundance X Atomic mass) + (Abundance X Atomic mass) divided by 100

Question 29

Rues for drawing electronic configuration

Answer 29

Electrons are drawn as crosses, First shell can only hold up to 2 electrons, second and all other shell hold up to 8 electrons

Question 30

How are elements arranged in the Periodic table

Answer 30

Arranged in terms of atomic number, grouped together with elements with similar reactivity, group number is equal to number of electrons in outer most shell, period number is equal to number of shells

Question 31

Discovery of protons, neutrons and electrons. How did scientists attempt to classify the elements?

Answer 31

By their atomic mass, idea started by John Newlands, an English scientist who noted the properties of every eight element seemed similar

Question 32

Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in the table

Answer 32

For elements that had not been discovered yet but he knew went there

Question 32

How did Dmitri Mendeleev arrange the periodic table

Answer 32

by atomic mass (like Newland) but arranged them periodically, so elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table

Question 33

Why are alkali metals stored in oil

Answer 33

They are so reactive and might react with the universe otherwise

Question 34

What are the very reactive non-metals called

Answer 34

Halogens

Question 34

Properties of Group 7 halogens

Answer 34

Don’t conduct electricity, brittle and crumbly when solid, poisonous and smelly, go darker in colour as you go down the group

Question 35

What happens to the atom size of halogens as you go down

Answer 35

Increases

Question 36

What happens to the melting and boiling point of the halogens as you go down

Answer 36

Increases

Question 37

What state is Fluorine

Answer 37

Gas

Question 38

What state is Bromine

Answer 38

Liquid

Question 39

What state is Chlorine

Answer 39

Gas

Question 40

What state is iodine

Answer 40

Solid

Question 41

As you go down, is it harder or easier to get a full shell of electrons for halogens

Answer 41

Harder because electrons are further away from the nucleas and shielded by more electron shells

Question 42

What happens to reactivity of halogens as you go down

Answer 42

Decreases

Question 43

What do halogens go around as

Answer 43

Pairs (diatomic molecules)

Question 44

How are halogens bonded

Answer 44

Covalent bonding

Question 45

Properties of Group 1 alkali metals

Answer 45

Soft, shiny, low density, low melting and boiling point, good conductors of heat and electricity

Question 46

Why are alkali metals good conductors of heat and electricity

Answer 46

They have a sea of delocalised electrons

Question 47

What happens to reactivity as you go down the group of alkali metals

Answer 47

Increases

Question 48

Why does reactivity increase for Alkali metals

Answer 48

Size of elements and number of full electron shells increases down the group, meaning down the group, electrons in outer shell get further away from nucleas and is shielded by more electron shells. The further away the electron is from the positive attraction of nucleas, the easier it can be lost in reactions

Question 49

What happens to density as you go down the group of alkali metals

Answer 49

Increases (apart from the anomaly potassium)

Question 50

What happens to melting and boiling point as you go down the group of alkali metals

Answer 50

Decreases because atoms get larger

Question 51

What is a displacement reaction

Answer 51

Where the most reactive element can displace the less reactive from the compound

Question 52

What are ionic equations

Answer 52

Equations showing only the atoms and ions that change in a reaction

Question 53

How to write ionic equation

Answer 53

Write a balanced equation for the reaction, fill in the state symbols, split all aqueous substances, cancel spectator ions (ions remaining unchanged) on LHS and RHS of chemical equation

Question 54

Properties of Group 0/8 Noble Gases

Answer 54

Very unreactive, don’t react with anything as they have full outer shell, non-metals, colourless, exist as single atoms

Question 55

What happens to boiling point and density of noble gases as you go down the group

Answer 55

Increases

Question 56

Properties of Transition metals/ elements

Answer 56

Coloured compounds, used as catalysts, high melting point, not very reactive and react slowly, good conducts of heat and electricity, form multiple ions, hard and strong