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GCSE CHEMISTRY > P2- Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

P2- Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Crude oil?

A

-A finite substance found in rocks and it is the remains of ancient biomass
-It is a mixture of lots of compounds called hydrocarbons (most of which are alkanes)

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of fossil fuels?

A

1) Crude oil
2) Gas
3) Coal

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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

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4
Q

What are alkanes?

A

-The simplest type of hydrocarbon you can get
-A homologous series
-Saturated compounds (all bonds taken up)

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5
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties that share a general formula

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6
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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7
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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8
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

All bonds are taken up (no more hydrogen atoms could be added)

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9
Q

Do alkanes have single or double carbon bonds?

A

Single C-C bonds

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10
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

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11
Q

What happens as the length of the carbon chain changes?

A

The properties of the hydrocarbon change

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12
Q

The shorter the carbon chain… (3 things)

A

-the less viscous (runny) it is
-the more volatile (lower BP) it is
-the more flammable (easier to ignite) it is

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13
Q

The longer the carbon chain… (3 things)

A

-the more viscous (harder to pour) it is
-the less volatile (higher BP) it is
-the less flammable (harder to ignite) it is

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14
Q

What does the complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen release?

A

Lots of energy

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15
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The gain of oxygen

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16
Q

During combustion, what is oxidised?

A

Both the carbon and hydrogen from the hydrocarbon

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17
Q

What are the (waste) products of complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapour

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18
Q

How are the different compounds in crude oil separated?

A

Fractional distillation

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19
Q

Step by step of fractional distillation?

A

1) Oil heated until most of it has turned to gas
2) The gases enter the fractional column to vaporise the substances
3) In the column there is a temp gradient (hot at the bottom, cool at the top)
4) The longer hydrocarbons have high BP. They condense back into liquids and drain out of the column early on (near the bottom)
5) The shorter hydrocarbons have lower BP. They condense and drain out much later on (near the top)
6) End up with the crude oil mixture separated out into different fractions.

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20
Q

Name 5 fuels used in modern lifestyle that come from crude oil?

A

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)
Petrol
Diesel oil
Kerosene
Heavy fuel oil
(top to bottom)

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21
Q

What can the fractions be processed to produce?

A

Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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22
Q

Name 4 useful materials that modern life depends on produced by the petrochemical industry?

A

Solvents
Lubricants
Polymers
Detergents

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23
Q

Why does the vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds occur?

A

Due to the ability of carbon atoms to form families of similar compounds

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24
Q

What is the name of the process where large hydrogen molecules are broken down?

A

Cracking

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25
Q

When cracking happens what are the hydrogen molecules broken down into?

A

Smaller alkanes
Alkenes (which are more useful)

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26
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms

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27
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

C(n)H(2n)

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28
Q

Do alkenes have single or double carbon bonds?

A

Double

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29
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Unsaturated

30
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They contain a C=C double bond, which means that they have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkane

31
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

32
Q

What kind of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction- meaning molecules are being broken down by heating them

33
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking
Steam cracking

34
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

When vapour is passed over a hot catalyst and the long-chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst

35
Q

What is steam cracking?

A

When vapour mixes with steam and heated to very high temperatures

36
Q

How do you test for alkenes as a product of cracking?

A

Bromine water test

37
Q

How do you test for short chain alkanes as a product of cracking?

A

Flammability test

38
Q

Step by step of the bromine water test?

A

1) C-C double bonds make alkenes much more reactive than alkanes
2) Alkenes will react with bromine water turning it from ORANGE to COLOURLESS
3) Alkanes don’t react with bromine and therefore colour stays orange

39
Q

What are some of the products of cracking useful for and why?

A

Fuels due to the high demand of fuels with small molecules

40
Q

2 things alkenes are used for?

A

-As a starting material when making lots of other compounds
-To make polymers

41
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Alkenes have a C-C double bond which can open up to make a single bond allowing 2 carbon atoms to bond with other atoms

42
Q

What is combustion?

A

The burning of fuels

43
Q

What does a blue flame mean?

A

Complete combustion

44
Q

What does an orange flame mean?

A

Incomplete combustion

45
Q

Example equation of a complete combustion (with an alkane)

A

Methane + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water

46
Q

Example equation of an incomplete combustion (with an alkane)

A

Methane + Oxygen -> Carbon + Carbon monoxide + Water

47
Q

What combustion tends to happen when burning alkenes?

A

Incomplete combustion (not enough oxygen in the air)

48
Q

What kind of flame does an incomplete combustion of an alkene give?

A

Smoky yellow flame

49
Q

2 characteristics of complete combustion

A

-Excess oxygen
-Only water and carbon dioxide produced

50
Q

2 characteristics of incomplete combustion

A

-Not enough oxygen
- Water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon (soot) produced

51
Q

Order to balance combustion symbol equations

A

1) Balance carbons
2) Balance hydrogens
3) Balance oxygens

52
Q

How do alkenes react?

A

Via addition reactions

53
Q

What are the products when alkenes react with oxygen (burning/incomplete combustion)?

A

Carbon + Carbon monoxide + Carbon dioxide + Water

54
Q

2 reasons why alkenes are not used as fuels?

A

-Have a smoky, yellow flame
-Require less energy per mole in combustion

55
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Atoms of a simple molecule add across the C=C double bond

56
Q

3 types of alkene addition reactions?

A

-With hydrogen
-With halogens
-With steam (water)

57
Q

Explain addition reactions with hydrogen

A

-Reacting alkenes with hydrogen forms alkanes
-Hydrogen is added to the double bond making it turn from an unsaturated hydrocarbon to a saturated hydrocarbon
-This is called hydrogenation and has specific conditions of a nickel catalyst at 60 degrees

58
Q

Explain addition reactions with halogens

A

-When you add bromine water to an alkene it goes from orange to colourless
-This is because the bromine is added to the alkene to form a dibromoalkane compound

59
Q

4 examples of halogens

A

-Fluorine
-Chlorine
-Bromine
-Iodine

60
Q

Explain addition reactions with steam

A

-Water is added across the double carbon bond and an alcohol is formed
-For example: ethene gas reacts with steam to make ethanol
-It is a reversible reactions which requires heat , a catalyst and high pressure

61
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

62
Q

What do all alcohols contain?

A

An -OH group

63
Q

What are the first 4 alcohols in the homologous series?

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
-Butanol

64
Q

Do alcohols undergo complete or incomplete combustion and what are the products?

A

Complete combustion- Carbon dioxide + water

65
Q

What happens when alcohols react with sodium?

A

Alcohols react with sodium to form a salt (sodium alkoxide e.g methoxide) and hydrogen gas.

66
Q

What happens when alcohols react with oxygen (oxidisation)?

A

Carboxylic acid is produced

67
Q

2 ways alcohols are used

A

1) Solvents
2) Fuels

68
Q

Why are alcohols used as solvents and fuels?

A

They can dissolve most things water can dissolve and can also dissolve substances that water can’t dissolve

69
Q

How is ethanol made?

A

Fermentation

70
Q

How does fermentation work?

A

It uses an enzyme in yeast to convert sugars into ethanol. Carbon dioxide is also produced. The reaction occurs in solution so the ethanol produced is aqueous.

71
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation of sugar using yeast?

A

Sugar -> (yeast on top) ethanol + carbon dioxide

72
Q

3 conditions needed for fermentation of sugar using yeast?

A

-37 degrees (due to enzyme)
-In a slightly acidic solution
-Under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

GCSE CHEMISTRY (10 decks)

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