P2 - Unit 2A - Urban Issues And Challenges (LIC)

Question 1

What’s rural-urban migration?

Answer 1

The movement of people from the countryside to cities

Question 2

What’s urbanisation?

Answer 2

The process by which an increasing percentage of the population moves to live in towns and cities.

Question 3

What’s natural increase?

Answer 3

The birth rate minus the death rate of a population

Question 4

What’s migration?

Answer 4

When people move from one area to another

Question 5

What are megacities?

Answer 5

An urban area with a total population in excess of 10million people

Question 6

What’s Counter-urbanisation?

Answer 6

Movement out of cities back into the countryside

Question 7

How do rates of urbanisation vary around the world?

Answer 7

• higher rates of urbanisation are in LICs(in Africa and Asia), higher rates of rural-urban migration, population in cities is younger so rate of natural increase is high
• lower rates of urbanisation in HICs(Europe, North America, Oceania), rates of urbanisation has slowed down, the urban population is ageing so natural increase has also slowed
• exception South America(NEEs) urbanisation happened earlier and has slowed down even though these countries aren’t HICs yet

Question 8

What factors affect the rate of urbanisation?

Answer 8

Migration-specifically rural to urban

Natural increase

Question 9

What are the push and pull factors for rural to urban migration?

Answer 9

Push factors from countryside
-farming is hard and poorly paid
-few doctors or hospitals, limited education available
Pull factors from the city
-more well paid jobs-a higher standard of living is available
-better medical facilities, public transport, better chance for an education

Question 10

What are reasons for natural increase?

Answer 10

• better access to medical care
• improved water supply
• improved sanitary conditions
• improved wealth so improved food supply, more infants survive

Question 11

What are social push and pull factors for rural-urban migration?

Answer 11

Push factors
-many families don’t own land which they farm or there’s pressure on land(division of land between sons, each have too little)
-overpopulation, local communities forced to move
Pull factors
-better services(schools, medical treatment, entertainment)
-more reliable sources of food, more comfortable living, higher quality of life

Question 12

What are economic push and pull factors for rural-urban migration?

Answer 12

Push factors
-lack of employment opportunities
-farming is hard work with long hours and little pay
Pull factors
-better payed jobs
-moneys invested more in the urban areas

Question 13

What are environmental push factors for rural-urban migration?

Answer 13

Push factors

• limited food production due to overgrazing or misuse of land
• drought and other climatic hazards
• extreme physical conditions

Question 14

What’s the location of Mumbai in the world?

Answer 14

• Mumbai is located in India
• in the Maharashtra state
• west coast of India, next to the Arabian Sea

Question 15

How important is Mumbai regionally, nationally and internationally?

Answer 15

• it’s one of the richest cities in Asia but is also home to some of the worlds poorest people
• the city contributes to 6% of India’s GDP, 40%foreign trade, 25% industrial production
• the entertainment, fashion and commercial centre of India
• Mumbai is the worlds 29th largest city by GDP
• Mumbai has many national and international links such as Sri Lanka, USA

Question 16

What are factors which have contributed to Mumbai’s growth?

Answer 16

• location in west of India
• shipping routes
• location as a port
• entertainment and fashion industries
• foreign companies
• location of Indian banks

Question 17

What are two reasons why Mumbai’s population has grown?

Answer 17

Rural-Urban migration(most important factor)-moving from rural Maharashtra state to Mumbai
Natural increase-because the avareage age of rural-urban migration is 20-21 so there’s a higher birth rate

Question 18

What are the social opportunities/pull factors in Mumbai?

Answer 18

Health care-easier access to hospitals
Education-more access to schools
Water supply-there’s clean drinking water which isn’t often available in the rural areas or involves a labour intensive walk in rural areas
Energy-Mumbai allows people to live with all the benefits of energy and electricity

Question 19

What are the economic opportunities/pull factors in Mumbai?

Answer 19

Opportunity for employment-range of job opportunities

• has the Bollywood film industry, it’s a manufacturing hub which creates lots of jobs and the port area also creates jobs
• jobs can be formal(working in a bank) or informal(a rag picker)

Question 20

What’s a formal job? And what are some examples?

Answer 20

Formal jobs are registered jobs where workers pay taxes to the government and the companies have a legal obligation to protect their workers, offer holidays and pay regular wages.
E.g. Banking, Bollywood film industry, stock exchange

Question 21

What’s an informal face? And what are some examples?

Answer 21

There’s no minimum wage, workers are unlikely to pay taxes, have no holiday rights and often work in dangerous or hazardous conditions.
E.g. Rag picking, recycling old electrical products, making pottery

Question 22

What are the positives of Dharavi?

Answer 22

• informal shopping areas where you can buy anything you need
• there’s mosques for religious needs
• there’s a pottery area which has a community centre
• rooms within houses have multiple functions
• many daily chores are done in a social group so there’s a sense of community spirit
• 85% of people in the slum have a job and work locally

Question 23

What are the social and environmental challenges of Mumbai?

Answer 23

Mumbai’s growth has led to growth of squatter settlements known in India as slums one of the biggest being Dharavi

• lack of sanitation-people have to go the toilet in the street
• lack of access to clean water-waters only turned on for 2 hours a day
• lack of legal rights-the people have no legal rights to the land
• poor health-life expectancy is low because of living conditions
• unemployment and crime-dangerous jobs which aren’t payed well

Question 24

What are the environmental challenges of Mumbai?

Answer 24

• water pollution-poor water quality is leading to deadly water borne diseases like cholera, high levels of water contamination
• air pollution-dangerous levels of nitrous oxides
• waste-there’s no city based collection of waste, thus waste poses a hazard to human health
• traffic congestion-air pollution is high as a result

Question 25

What’s the problem of water pollution in Mumbai and what’s the solution?

Answer 25

Problem
-airport dumps untreated oil in the Mithi River
-untreated sewage and chemical waste is dumped in the Mithi River
Solution
-building community toilet blocks to stop dumping of raw sewage
-education to tell people to take waste to communal dumping sites

Question 26

What’s the problem of air pollution in Mumbai and what’s the solution?

Answer 26

Problem
-traffic and congestion cause a build up of exhaust gases
-as more electricity is used more fossil fuels are burnt
Solution
-all taxis used compressed natural gas rather than diesel
-flyovers have been built to reduce congestion

Question 27

What’s the problem of waste pollution in Mumbai and what’s the solution?

Answer 27

Problem
-few people are registered in the city so services like waste disposal are not provided
Solution
-awareness campaigns to minimise waste generation
-waste segregation into catabolises e.g. Organic waste, metals

Question 28

What’s the problem of flood risk in Mumbai and what’s the solution?

Answer 28

Problem
-solid waste dumped in the river clogs up drains
-build up of waste reduces the capacity of the Mithi river
Solution
-the Mithi River was dredged and widened

Question 29

What’s urban planning?

Answer 29

It’s improving the living conditions and opportunities for the urban poor and is a major challenge in LICs and NEEs.

Question 30

How Dharavi was improved:

What’s the Mumbai slum resettlement scheme?

Answer 30

As part of the Mumbai Urban Transport Project a slum area alongside the railway line was cleared and residents moved to a new housing area in a different part of the city

Question 31

How Dharavi was improved:

What’s the Mumbai slum sanitation project?

Answer 31

The slum sanitation project aims to improve sanitation facilities for up to a million slum dwellers across the city.
-300 community toilet blocks have been made

Question 32

How Dharavi was improved:

What’s the Incremental housing strategies?

Answer 32

The local community is involved in the design and layout of the area and individual residents make decisions about their homes, they want to keep communities together rather than knocking their houses down and splitting up the community

Question 33

How Dharavi was improved:

What’s the Mumbai slum electrification project?

Answer 33

It’s a project by which they are providing slum dwellers with electricity connections