P2 - Unit 2A - Urban Issues And Challenges (LIC) Flashcards
What’s rural-urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to cities
What’s urbanisation?
The process by which an increasing percentage of the population moves to live in towns and cities.
What’s natural increase?
The birth rate minus the death rate of a population
What’s migration?
When people move from one area to another
What are megacities?
An urban area with a total population in excess of 10million people
What’s Counter-urbanisation?
Movement out of cities back into the countryside
How do rates of urbanisation vary around the world?
- higher rates of urbanisation are in LICs(in Africa and Asia), higher rates of rural-urban migration, population in cities is younger so rate of natural increase is high
- lower rates of urbanisation in HICs(Europe, North America, Oceania), rates of urbanisation has slowed down, the urban population is ageing so natural increase has also slowed
- exception South America(NEEs) urbanisation happened earlier and has slowed down even though these countries aren’t HICs yet
What factors affect the rate of urbanisation?
Migration-specifically rural to urban
Natural increase
What are the push and pull factors for rural to urban migration?
Push factors from countryside
-farming is hard and poorly paid
-few doctors or hospitals, limited education available
Pull factors from the city
-more well paid jobs-a higher standard of living is available
-better medical facilities, public transport, better chance for an education
What are reasons for natural increase?
- better access to medical care
- improved water supply
- improved sanitary conditions
- improved wealth so improved food supply, more infants survive
What are social push and pull factors for rural-urban migration?
Push factors
-many families don’t own land which they farm or there’s pressure on land(division of land between sons, each have too little)
-overpopulation, local communities forced to move
Pull factors
-better services(schools, medical treatment, entertainment)
-more reliable sources of food, more comfortable living, higher quality of life
What are economic push and pull factors for rural-urban migration?
Push factors -lack of employment opportunities -farming is hard work with long hours and little pay Pull factors -better payed jobs -moneys invested more in the urban areas
What are environmental push factors for rural-urban migration?
Push factors
- limited food production due to overgrazing or misuse of land
- drought and other climatic hazards
- extreme physical conditions
What’s the location of Mumbai in the world?
- Mumbai is located in India
- in the Maharashtra state
- west coast of India, next to the Arabian Sea
How important is Mumbai regionally, nationally and internationally?
- it’s one of the richest cities in Asia but is also home to some of the worlds poorest people
- the city contributes to 6% of India’s GDP, 40%foreign trade, 25% industrial production
- the entertainment, fashion and commercial centre of India
- Mumbai is the worlds 29th largest city by GDP
- Mumbai has many national and international links such as Sri Lanka, USA
What are factors which have contributed to Mumbai’s growth?
- location in west of India
- shipping routes
- location as a port
- entertainment and fashion industries
- foreign companies
- location of Indian banks
What are two reasons why Mumbai’s population has grown?
Rural-Urban migration(most important factor)-moving from rural Maharashtra state to Mumbai
Natural increase-because the avareage age of rural-urban migration is 20-21 so there’s a higher birth rate
What are the social opportunities/pull factors in Mumbai?
Health care-easier access to hospitals
Education-more access to schools
Water supply-there’s clean drinking water which isn’t often available in the rural areas or involves a labour intensive walk in rural areas
Energy-Mumbai allows people to live with all the benefits of energy and electricity
What are the economic opportunities/pull factors in Mumbai?
Opportunity for employment-range of job opportunities
- has the Bollywood film industry, it’s a manufacturing hub which creates lots of jobs and the port area also creates jobs
- jobs can be formal(working in a bank) or informal(a rag picker)
What’s a formal job? And what are some examples?
Formal jobs are registered jobs where workers pay taxes to the government and the companies have a legal obligation to protect their workers, offer holidays and pay regular wages.
E.g. Banking, Bollywood film industry, stock exchange
What’s an informal face? And what are some examples?
There’s no minimum wage, workers are unlikely to pay taxes, have no holiday rights and often work in dangerous or hazardous conditions.
E.g. Rag picking, recycling old electrical products, making pottery
What are the positives of Dharavi?
- informal shopping areas where you can buy anything you need
- there’s mosques for religious needs
- there’s a pottery area which has a community centre
- rooms within houses have multiple functions
- many daily chores are done in a social group so there’s a sense of community spirit
- 85% of people in the slum have a job and work locally
What are the social and environmental challenges of Mumbai?
Mumbai’s growth has led to growth of squatter settlements known in India as slums one of the biggest being Dharavi
- lack of sanitation-people have to go the toilet in the street
- lack of access to clean water-waters only turned on for 2 hours a day
- lack of legal rights-the people have no legal rights to the land
- poor health-life expectancy is low because of living conditions
- unemployment and crime-dangerous jobs which aren’t payed well
What are the environmental challenges of Mumbai?
- water pollution-poor water quality is leading to deadly water borne diseases like cholera, high levels of water contamination
- air pollution-dangerous levels of nitrous oxides
- waste-there’s no city based collection of waste, thus waste poses a hazard to human health
- traffic congestion-air pollution is high as a result
