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Geography > P2 - Unit 2A - Urban Issues and Challenges (HIC) > Flashcards

P2 - Unit 2A - Urban Issues and Challenges (HIC) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Population Distribution:

A

How people are spread out over an area

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2
Q

Define Population Density:

A

The number of people per square km.

Calculated by diving the total population by the total area.

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3
Q

Define Urbanisation:

A

The increase in the proportion of people living in the cities, resulting in their growth.

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4
Q

How is the UK’s population distributed?

A

One of the most urbanised countries in the world (85% of people live in cities), however the population is unevenly distributed

  • highest population density in the south east
  • sparsely populated in the north(except for Edinburgh and the Glasgow corridor)
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5
Q

Where are the cities in the UK located?

A

-in flat low-lying parts of the country
-on the coast or near major rivers
(the UK has a high level of urbanisation and a number of large cities but no megacities)

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6
Q

How are UK cities growing?

A
  • fastest growing cities are in south east England (also has the fastest growing economy)
  • slowest growing cities in the UK are in the north (due to decline of industry and loss of jobs)
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7
Q

What is our case study for a major city in the UK?

A

London

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8
Q

Where is London located in the UK?

A

found in the South East of England

-its location has been influential in its growth

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9
Q

What is the importance of London within the UK?

A
  • it is the capital city
  • its centre has the densest population of the UK
  • host the parliament
  • by far the UKs wealthiest city
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10
Q

What is the importance of London globally?

A
  • one of the most globalised, connected and influential places
  • part of Europe’s economic core(producing a majority of the GDP of Europe)
  • has global reach through its major airports(Heathrow, Gatwick), economic pull via the City of London and the stock exchange
  • has headquarters of many large international companies (and British ones)
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11
Q

What are the causes of the growth of the population of London?

A
  • internal migration
  • international net migration
  • natural change/natural increase has been positive(more births than deaths)
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12
Q

What are the impacts of national and international migration on London?

A
  • London’s population is higher than it has ever been
  • London has a youthful population(more natural increase)
  • London is the most diverse city(40% born abroad)
  • Changed the character of London (one of the most multicultural places, with many different races, cultures and languages)
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13
Q

What social opportunities has urban change had on London?

A

cultural mix

recreation and entertainment

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14
Q

What economic opportunities has urban change had on London?

A

recreation and entertainment
employment
integrated transport system

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15
Q

What environmental opportunities has urban change had on London?

A

urban greening

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16
Q

How is cultural mix a social opportunity from urban change in London?

A
  • London is the most diverse place in the UK
  • London has a huge number of different races, religions and cultures (mainly from ex-British colonies)
  • This enriches cultural life (food, music, cultural events)
  • This exposes people to know about other religions, languages and cultures
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17
Q

How is recreation and entertainment a social and economic opportunity from urban change in London?

A
  • London has a huge number of cultural attractions (National gallery, Natural History Museum)
  • Has the West End
  • Has tourist attractions(Buckingham Palace, Parliament)
  • Held the 2012 Olympic games(sports)
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18
Q

How is employment an economic opportunity from urban change in London?

A

The economy of London is dominated by financial and insurance activities

  • in the UK it is the largest contributor to the economy
  • has a major financial centre(City of London, Canary Wharf)
  • home to the world or European HQ of major banks
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19
Q

How is an integrated transport system an economic opportunity from urban change in London?

A

Public transport accounts for 25% of London’s journeys

  • has Oyster card(used on most forms of transport)
  • integrated cycle network
  • international airports (Heathrow, Gatwick)
  • M25 ring road around he city
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20
Q

How is urban greening an environmental opportunity from urban change in London?

A

Green spaces take in carbon dioxide and reduce global warming

  • creating rooftop green spaces
  • using canals, rivers and river jetties(for bird roosts)
  • Olympic village takes into account urban green spaces
  • Open spaces for recreation and wildlife(Hyde Park)
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21
Q

What social challenges has urban change had on London?

A
  • inequalities in health, housing, education, employment

- cultural integration

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22
Q

What economic challenges has urban change had on London?

A
  • urban decline and deprivation

- urban sprawl

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23
Q

What environmental challenges has urban change had on London?

A
  • atmospheric pollution
  • waste disposal
  • dereliction
  • building on brownfield and greenfield sites
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24
Q

How is inequalities in health a social challenge from urban change in London?

A

People in wealthy areas tend to live longer than people in poorer areas

  • lower income areas may be exposed to a poorer environment (may have a poor diet and lifestyle)
  • poorer people may also have more limited access to health care
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25
Q

How is inequalities in housing a social challenge from urban change in London?

A

House prices in London are higher than anywhere else

  • more people rent than own their own house
  • the people that rent spend more than half of their weekly pay on rent
  • massive difference from mansion in the west to small flat buildings in the east
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26
Q

How is inequalities in education a social challenge from urban change in London?

A

Children across London do not get equal grades

  • in the poorer areas people have the worst education
  • 35% of people in Newham have no educational qualifications compared to the 5% average in London
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27
Q

How is inequalities in employment a social challenge from urban change in London?

A

London’s unemployment still remains a major issue

-higher than the national average

28
Q

How is cultural integration a social challenge from urban change in London?

A

Cultural mix is not without its difficulties

  • ghettos (economically poorer groups all live together in poorer areas)
  • language (public services such as schools and hospitals have to get translators)
29
Q

How is urban decline and deprivation an economic challenge from urban change in London?

A

Urban decline is often accompanied by decreasing economic performance and unemployment

  • visible differences in housing and economic suffering
  • really hard for the poorer people to have a decent standard of living because the prices of things in London are higher
30
Q

Define Urban Decline:

A

Urban decline is the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance.

31
Q

Define Urban deprivation:

A

Urban deprivation means that people have a standard of living which is below the majority of people in society, and it involves hardships and lack of access to resources.

32
Q

How is building on brownfield and greenfield sites an environmental challenge from urban change in London?

A

Housing in the UK is a big issue (small country)

  • Building on brownfield sites already have infrastructure, but the land may need to be cleared
  • Building on greenfield sites has plenty of space and land doesn’t need to be cleared, but infrastructure may need work and habitats can be affected
33
Q

How is urban sprawl an economic challenge from urban change in London?

A

Commuter settlements have increased

  • extra cost to the tax payer(more infrastructure needed)
  • increased traffic (traffic congestion, air pollution)
  • health issues (pollution- respiratory problems, stress- high blood pressure)
  • environmental problems(sprawling cities displaces animals)
  • impact on social lives(further away from neighbours)
34
Q

How is dereliction an environmental challenge from urban change in London?

A

There are a large number of brownfield sites in London

  • derelict land if often dangerous
  • old factories may have left toxic substances, and run down buildings may be unstable
35
Q

How is atmospheric pollution an environmental challenge from urban change in London?

A

London suffers from air pollution

  • has a dense road network and high buildings
  • failed most of the air quality standards set by the EU
  • ozone pollution(poisonous to humans)
  • particulate matter(come from engine emissions, can cause premature death)
  • nitrogen dioxide(diesel engines, reparatory problems)
36
Q

How is London improving the air quality?

A
  • a free app to inform people on the air quality
  • cleaning up London’s bus fleet
  • congestion charge(to reduce traffic)
  • investing in cycling
  • new and tighter standards for London’s Low Emission Zone
37
Q

How is waste disposal an environmental challenge from urban change in London?

A

London will run out of space to dispose of waste in landfills

  • landfills contribute to the production of methane
  • recycling rates are lower than in the rest of the UK
  • landfills could leak and contaminate ground water supplies
38
Q

What is urban regeneration?

A

The revival of old parts of a built up area by either installing modern facilities in old buildings (known as renewal) or opting for redevelopment (demolishing existing buildings and starting afresh)

39
Q

What is our case study of an urban regeneration project?

A

The London Olympic Park

-the idea was for it to have a lasting legacy, not just for sport but for the urban area in the East of London

40
Q

Where is the Olympic Park?

A

In the Lower Lea valley, in East London

  • was once one of the main industrial areas in London
  • now one of the most deprived areas of London
41
Q

Why did the area chosen for the Olympic park need regenerating?

A
  • lots of abandoned old industrial sites
  • low achievement at school
  • industrial wastelands (badly contaminated land)
  • higher than average unemployment rates
  • lower household incomes
42
Q

How health a reason for why the area for the Olympic Park was in need of regeneration?

A

Newham had a lower life expectancy than the rest of London

-more people living with long term illness than the rest of London

43
Q

How employment a reason for why the area for the Olympic Park was in need of regeneration?

A

Newham had a higher unemployment rate than the rest of London
There were fewer employment opportunities for people living in the area

44
Q

How was the environment a reason for why the area for the Olympic Park was in need of regeneration?

A
  • A considerable amount of land in the area was contaminated from industrial waste
  • Environmental quality was low
  • Fly tipping had been ignored
  • Industrial decline has led to derelict sites
45
Q

How was education a reason for why the area for the Olympic Park was in need of regeneration?

A

35% of Newham had no educational qualifications

-need to raise the standards of schools and the aspirations of local people

46
Q

What was the plans of the London 2012 Olympic Legacy?

A

Economic - supporting new jobs and skills, encouraging trade and tourism
Sports - more sports facilities, encouraging sports in schools
Social and Volunteering - inspiring others
Regeneration - reuse of venues, new homes, improved transportation

47
Q

How has the London 2012 Olympic games provided social positives?

A
  • athletes village created 2,800 affordable homes
  • whole Olympic park land will house 8,000 people
  • Olympics has helped schools in the area, new school opened
  • improved facilities for the community, schools and elite athletes
  • unemployment overall fell during the Olympic period
48
Q

How has the London 2012 Olympic games provided social negatives?

A
  • during the construction of the Olympic park, very few jobs were created for local people
  • still have high levels of unemployment
  • many people in the area still remain in poverty
  • properties had to be demolished to make way for the site
49
Q

How has the London 2012 Olympic games provided economic positives?

A
  • Stratford got a tube station, now one of the most connected areas in London
  • the Olympics brought £9bn of investment to east London, most of which went on transport
50
Q

How has the London 2012 Olympic games provided economic negatives?

A
  • Olympic stadium cost £700 million (3 times the original estimate)
  • total bill for the games was £8.8 billion of tax payers money
  • existing businesses had to move
  • rents and property prices have gone up as a result of the games
51
Q

How has the London 2012 Olympic games provided environmental positives?

A
  • many of the grounds have been kept as park land and are open to the public (300,000 wetland plants planted)
  • new green space and wildlife habitats were created
  • River Lea’s water quality has improved
  • the Olympic park was mainly build on brownfield sites
52
Q

How has the London 2012 Olympic games provided environmental negatives?

A
  • much of the wildlife had to be relocated
  • many of the materials for the Olympic park came from over seas
  • the games produced over 3 million tons of carbon dioxide
53
Q

What does urban sustainability require?

A

Urban sustainability requires management of resources and transport

54
Q

What are features of sustainable urban living?

A
  • using renewable sources of energy
  • use of public transport
  • accessible resources and services
  • water and energy conservation
  • recycling more waste
  • creating green space
55
Q

Define what it means to be a sustainable city:

A

A sustainable city is one in which there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound with resources allocated fairly and jobs secure, and there is a strong sense of community with local people involved in decisions made.

56
Q

How is energy conservation done for an urban area to be sustainable?

A

This is the reduction in the use of energy by:

  • reducing use(not leaving TVs on standby)
  • greater efficiency(energy efficient lightbulbs)
  • developing renewable sources of energy
57
Q

How is water conservation done for an urban area to be sustainable?

A

Involves the preservation, control and development of water resources

  • prevention of water pollution
  • reduction of use of water(low flush toilets)
58
Q

What is an example of sustainable urban living?

A

BedZED(Beddington Zero Energy Development), London

  • using natural, recycled or reclaimed building materials
  • building homes south facing
  • 30cm insulation jackets on all buildings
  • low-energy lightbulbs and appliances
  • roof gardens, rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling
  • providing a green transport plan
59
Q

How is waste disposal done for an urban area to be sustainable?

A

Councils across the UK have provided homes with recycling bins

  • less waste going to landfill
  • waste incineration can generate electricity and less waste goes to landfill
60
Q

How is urban greening done for an urban area to be sustainable?

A

-increasing and preserving the amount of open space such as public parks and gardens (Hyde Park)
Epping forest
-habitats for wildlife
-people stay healthy(being more active)
-trees reduce the dangers of flooding, and produce oxygen

61
Q

What problems does traffic congestion have on urban sustainability?

A

Has environmental problems, cars release greenhouse gases and particulate matter
Has problems economically, causes people to be late so productivity is affected, so a business could lose money

62
Q

How can traffic congestion be managed?

A

London has an integrated cycle network
London has a congestion charge
Public transport- London had an integrated transport system, London also now has Cross Rail

63
Q

How can an integrated cycle network manage traffic congestion?

A

By more people travelling by bike(such as by the Santander Cycles) it will reduce the number of cars on the road, helping to reduce traffic congestion

64
Q

How can a congestion charge manage traffic congestion?

A

Charging people will put more people off from using their car, which will mean more people will use public transport

65
Q

How can an integrated transport system manage traffic congestion?

A

Encourages people to use public transport

-Oyster card allows people to use most public transport and pay in the same way

66
Q

How can ‘Cross Rail’ manage traffic congestion?

A

Cross Rail is a new East-West route across London

  • reduce traveling time for people (reduce journey times by half)
  • encourages people to use public transport so less carbon emissions
  • green walls have been introduced at some stations, have been designed to specifically reduce levels of particulate matter

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