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Geography > P1 - Unit 1A - Natural hazards > Flashcards

P1 - Unit 1A - Natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of the Oceanic crust?

A 
Denser
Thinner
Can be renewed
Can be destroyed
Younger
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the Continental crust?

A 
Less dense
Can't be renewed
Can't be destroyed
Older 
Thicker
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3
Q

Define: epicentre

A

The point directly above the focus on the surface of the earth

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4
Q

Define: focus/hypocenter

A

The point within the earth where the earthquake rupture starts
-near the focus shock waves are stronger and cause more damage

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5
Q

What happens at a destructive plate boundary?

A
  • when you have oceanic and continental plates moving towards each other
  • The oceanic plate is sub-ducted because it’s denser
  • friction between the plates cause earthquakes
  • heat in the earth melts the oceanic plate creating magma
  • the magma then creates a composite volcano

-when you have two continental plates, they collide and the ground is folded and forced upwards to create a mountain range

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6
Q

What is the location of tropical storms?

A

Tropical storms occur in areas of low pressure within the tropics between latitudes 5° and 20° north and south of the equator.

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7
Q

What are the conditions required for a tropical storm?

A
  • water temperature greater than 27°C
  • water at least 70m deep
  • low pressure
  • over water
  • when the wind sheer(difference in windspeed) between the higher and lower parts of the atmosphere is low
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8
Q

How does a tropical storm form?

A

1) Water evaporates from the ocean surface and comes into contact with a mass of cold air, forming clouds.
2) A column of low pressure develops at the centre. Winds form around the column.
3) As pressure in the central column(the eye) weakens, the speed of the wind around it increases.

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9
Q

Why do tropical storms lose energy?

A

As hurricanes move inshore, their power gradually reduces because their energy comes from sucking up moist warm sea air.

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10
Q

What are the primary effects of tropical storms?

A
  • buildings collapsing
  • deaths
  • storm surges flooding areas
  • crops destroyed
  • injuries
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11
Q

What are features of tropical storm shelters?

A
  • shutters-so don’t have shards of broken glass
  • building on stilts-storm surges can’t affect, flooding can’t affect
  • built on raised ground-prevents house flooding
  • made of strong concrete-withstand tropical storm
  • siren-to warn people
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12
Q

What happens at a constructive plate boundary and what can be caused by it?

A
  • when two plates move apart

- you can find shield volcanoes and ocean ridges

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13
Q

What happens at a conservative plate boundary and what can be caused by it?

A
  • two plates move side by side

- you can find earthquakes, faults

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14
Q

What happens at a destructive plate boundary and what can be caused by it?

A
  • two plates move towards each other

- you can find composite volcanoes, earthquakes, ocean trenches

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15
Q

Define natural hazard:

A

An extreme natural event that has the potential to cause loss of life and/or extreme damage to property and creates severe disruption to human activities.

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16
Q

Define hazard risk:

A

The probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place

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17
Q

Define natural disaster:

A

The realisation of a hazard with consequences

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18
Q

What are examples of meteorological hazards?

A 
-caused by weather and climate
Heatwaves 
Drought
Storms
Tornado
Hurricane
Flood
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19
Q

What are examples of geological hazards?

A 
-caused by land and tectonic processes
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Tsunami
Rockfall
Landslide
Avalanche
Flood
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20
Q

What factors make hazards more dangerous to people?

A 
Education
Location
HIC/LIC
Climate
Physical geography
Population density
Proximity to ocean
Level of development
Type of natural hazard (frequency and magnitude of it)
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21
Q

What are the layers of the earth?

From inside to out

A
  • inner core
  • outer core
  • mantle
  • crust
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22
Q

What is continental drift?

A

The gradual movement of the continents across the earths surface through geological time

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23
Q

Describe the distribution of earthquakes:

A
  • found in long narrow belts along plate boundaries

- earthquakes are found in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean following the mid Atlantic ridge

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24
Q

Describe the distribution of volcanoes:

A
  • volcanoes occur in narrow belts or small clumps called hot spots
  • one belt round the Pacific Ocean and is called the ring of fire
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25
Q

Define volcano:

A

A volcano is an vent or fissure in the earths crust through which molten rock and hot gases escape to the surface during an eruption.

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26
Q

What are characteristics of composite volcanoes?

A
  • found at destructive plate boundary
  • have steep sides, cone shaped
  • made up of alternative layers of ash and lava
  • acidic lava
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27
Q

What are characteristics of shield volcanoes?

A
  • constructive plate boundaries
  • have a wide base and gently sloping sides
  • basaltic lava
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28
Q

How are earthquakes measured?

A

The moment magnitude scale

  • it measures the magnitude (amount of energy released by the earthquake)
  • it is logarithmic, so a magnitude 7 is ten times as powerful as a magnitude 6
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29
Q

What were the primary effects of the Haiti earthquake?

A 
220,000 people died on impact
105,000 homes destroyed
Presidential palace and Port-Au-Prince Cathedral damaged
80% of schools were damaged
Airport damaged
300,000 people injured
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30
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake?

A

$14 billion damage costs
1.5 million people made homeless
Cholera outbreak in October 2010
1.5 million people living in camps

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31
Q

What were the primary effects of the Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake?

A

185 people died
6000 injured
CTV building collapsed
50% of central city building were damaged

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32
Q

What were the secondary impacts of the Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake?

A

3.5m tsunami
Landslides in Lyttelton
Rugby World Cup moved to other locations
Buildings were demolished because they were deemed unsafe

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33
Q

What are some general facts about hurricane Katrina?

A

August 2005
In New Orleans
Struck Mississippi and Louisiana
Katrina got to a Category 5 status in the Caribbean
-In New Orleans the effects were particularly severe because the flood defences failed

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34
Q

What were the primary effects of hurricane Katrina?

A
  • Super Bowl roof broke
  • 1800 people died
  • bridges collapsed, twin span bridge
  • 80% of the city flooded
  • 300,000 houses were destroyed
  • 3 million people were left without electricity
  • coastal habitats damaged
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35
Q

What were secondary effects of hurricane Katrina?

A
  • oil spills
  • industrial waste and toxic chemicals in water (water supply polluted)
  • fall in trade business, tourism
  • $150 billion cost of damage
  • hundreds of thousands of people left homeless
  • 230000 jobs were lost from damaged buisnesses
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36
Q

What were the immediate responses to hurricane Katrina?

A
  • 70% of New Orleans residents were evacuated before it reached land
  • Mississippi and Louisiana declared states of emergency (set up control centres, emergency shelters and stockpiled supplies)
  • coastguard, police, fire service and army rescued over 50000 people
  • charities collected donations and supplied aid, including millions of hot meals
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37
Q

What were the long term responses to hurricane Katrina?

A
  • US government provided over 16 billion dollars for the rebuilding of homes and other essential infrastructure
  • US army recommended that in low lying areas houses were re-built on stilts or not re-built at all
  • repaired and improved flood defences for New Orleans costing 14.5 billion dollars (completed 2013)
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38
Q

What are the three main management strategies for reducing the risk from weather hazards?

A

Prediction-using satellites and aircrafts
Protect-designing buildings to withstand it
Prepare-raise awareness in places most at risk from tropical storms

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39
Q

What are the two categories of natural hazards?

A

geological hazard

meteorological hazard

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40
Q

What is the core of the earth made up of?

A

A ball of solid(inner) and liquid(outer) iron and nickel

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41
Q

What is the mantle?

A

semi-molten rock which moves very slowly

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42
Q

What are the two types of tectonic plate which the crust is divided into?

A

continental

oceanic

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43
Q

What causes plates to move?

A

Convection currents

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44
Q

What are the points which plates meet are called?

A

plate margins/boundaries

45
Q

How are volcanoes formed at destructive plate boundaries?

A
  • the oceanic is subducted towards the mantle, where it is melted and destroyed
  • a pool of magma forms
  • magma rises through cracks in the crust called vents
  • magma erupts on the surface(where it is called lava) forming a volcano
46
Q

How are volcanoes formed at constructive plate boundaries?

A

-magma rises up into the gap created by the plates moving apart, forming a volcano

47
Q

What are hotspots?

A

Parts of the mantle which are really hot (e.g. Hawaii)

48
Q

What happens when a volcano errupts?

A
  • it emits lava and gases

- some volcanoes emit lots of ash which can cover land, block out the sun and form pyroclastic flows

49
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

super-heated currents of gas, ash and rock

50
Q

How do earthquakes occur at destructive plate boundaries?

A
  • tension builds up when one plate gets stuck as it is moving down past another
  • the plates eventually jerk past each other, sending out shock waves (these vibrations are called an earthquake)
51
Q

How do earthquakes occur at constructive plate boundaries?

A
  • -tension builds along cracks within the plates as they move away from each other
  • the plates eventually jerk past each other, sending out shock waves (these vibrations are called an earthquake)
52
Q

How do earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries?

A
  • tension builds up when plates are grinding past each other and one gets stuck
  • the plates eventually jerk past each other, sending out shock waves (these vibrations are called an earthquake)
53
Q

What will a <6 magnitude earthquake cause?

A

-normally only cause slight damage to buildings, although they can be worse in built up areas

54
Q

What will a >7 magnitude earthquake cause?

A

-major damage and deaths

55
Q

What are the primary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • buildings and bridges collapse, homes are destroyed
  • people are injured or killed by collapsed building or falling debris
  • roads, railways, ports and airports are damaged
  • electricity cables, gas and water pipes and communications networks are damaged, cutting off supplies
56
Q

What are the secondary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • earthquakes can trigger landslides and tsunamis, this destroys more buildings, causes more injury and death
  • leaking gas can be ignited starting fires
  • people are left homeless and could die
  • shortage of clean water and lack of proper sanitation (easier for diseases to spread)
  • block or destroyed roads means aid and emergency vehicles can’t get through and trade is difficult
  • businesses are destroyed or damaged, causing unemployment and lost income (tourists can also be put off visiting the area)
  • repairs and reconstruction can be very expensive, weakening a country’s economy
57
Q

What are the immediate responses to earthquakes?

A
  • rescue of people trapped by collapsed buildings, and treatment to injured people
  • recover dead bodies to prevent the spread of disease
  • put out fires
  • temporary shelters set up
  • temporary supplies of water, food, electricity, gas and communication systems (if they have been damaged)
  • foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies, equipment, financial donations
58
Q

What are the long term responses to earthquakes?

A
  • re-house people who lost their homes
  • repair or rebuild buildings, roads, railways and bridges
  • reconnect electricity, water, gas and communication centres
  • if necessary, improve building regulations so more building are resistant to damage from earthquakes
  • set up initiatives to help economic recovery
59
Q

What are the primary effects of volcanoes?

A
  • buildings and bridges collapse, homes are destroyed by pyroclastic flows
  • people and animals are injured or killed by pyroclastic flows, lava flows and falling rocks
  • crops are damaged and water supplies are contaminated when ash falls on them
  • people, animals and plants are suffocated by volcanic gases
60
Q

What are the secondary effects of volcanoes?

A
  • mudflows form when volcanic material mixes with water, cause more destruction, death and injury
  • flooding can be caused by hot rock, ash and gas melting ice and snow on the volcano, rock and ash can clog up rivers making flooding worse
  • transport networks are destroyed or blocked so aid and emergency vehicles can’t get through
  • people left homeless (destroyed businesses causes unemployment)
  • tourism can be disrupted straight after an eruption, but often can increase after with tourists interested in seeing volcanoes
  • ash makes field more fertile, once broken down
  • recovering takes a huge amount of money
61
Q

What are the immediate responses to volcanoes?

A
  • evacuate people
  • provide food, shelter and water for evacuated people
  • treat injured people
  • rescue anyone cut off by damage to roads or bridges
  • provide temporary supplies of electricity, gas and communications systems
  • foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies, equipment or financial support
62
Q

What are the long term responses to volcanoes?

A
  • re-house people who lost their homes
  • repair or rebuild buildings, roads, railways and bridges
  • reconnect electricity, water, gas and communication centres
  • improve, repair and update monitoring and evacuation plans
  • set up initiatives to help economic recovery
63
Q

Why do people live in areas which are at rick from tectonic hazards?

A
  • always lived there (don’t want to be away from family)
  • employed in the area
  • confident in the support from their government
  • some people think events won’t happen again
  • soil around volcanoes are very fertile (attract farmers)
  • volcanoes are tourist attractions, jobs available in the tourist industry
64
Q

What are the different management strategies that are used to reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

monitoring
prediction
protection
planning

65
Q

How can monitoring be a management strategy to reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A
  • networks of seismometers and lasers monitor the earth’s movement, used in early warning systems to give a small but vital amount of warning
  • scientists can monitor the tell-tale signs that come before a volcanic eruption (escaping gas, changing shape)
66
Q

How can prediction be a management strategy to reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A
  • earthquakes aren’t easy to predict, but by monitoring plate movement, scientists can predict which areas should be prepared
  • volcanic eruptions can be predicted is it is well monitored, this gives people time to evacuate
67
Q

How can protection be a management strategy to reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A
  • building can be designed to withstand earthquakes
  • existing buildings and bridges can be strengthened so they are less likely to collapse
  • automatic shut-off systems can be fitted that turn off the gas and electricity supplies to prevent fires
68
Q

How can planning be a management strategy to reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A
  • future developments can be planned to avoid the areas most at risk from tectonic hazards
  • emergency services can train and prepare people for disasters
  • people educated to know what to do
  • governments can plan evacuation routes to get people out of dangerous areas quickly and safely
  • emergency supplies can be stockpiled
69
Q

What are winds?

A

Large scale movements of air caused by differences in air pressure

70
Q

What are differences in air pressure caused by?

A

Differences in temperature between the equator and the poles (winds move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure)

71
Q

What do the global atmospheric circulation loops contain?

A
  • warm rising air which creates a low pressure belt
  • cool falling air which creates a high pressure belt

causes areas to have some types of weather more than others

72
Q

What is the air pressure like at the equator?

A

-the sun warms the earth, which transfers heat to the air above causing it to rise
LOW PRESSURE BELT with rising air, clouds and rain

73
Q

What is the air pressure like at 30 degrees north and south of the equator?

A

-cool air sinks
HIGH PRESSURE BELT with cloudless skies and very low rainfall
-when the cool air reaches the ground surface winds either occur towards the equator or the poles

74
Q

What is a trade wind?

A

Winds blowing toward the equator

-they meet at the equator and are heated by the sun and rise to form clouds

75
Q

What is a westerlie?

A

Winds blowing toward the poles

76
Q

What is the air pressure like at 60 degrees north and south of the equator?

A

-the warmer surface winds meet colder air from the poles
-the warmer air is less dense so it rises
LOW PRESSURE

77
Q

What is the air pressure like at the poles?

A

-cool air sinks
HIGH PRESSURE
-air is drawn back to the equator as surface winds

78
Q

How do tropical storms form?

A
  • warm, moist air rises and condensation occurs
  • this releases huge amounts of energy which makes storms powerful
  • rising air creates an area of low pressure which increases surface winds
  • the earths rotation deflects the paths of the winds, causing the storm to spin
  • the storm gets stronger and stronger due to the energy from warm water
79
Q

What direction do tropical storms travel?

A

-move towards the west because of easterly winds near the equator

80
Q

What happens when tropical storms go over land?

A

lose strength when they move over land or cooler water because the energy supply from the warm water is cut off

81
Q

Describe the location of tropical storms:

A
  • between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator (majority in the northern hemisphere)
  • in late summer and autumn they occur most when sea temperature is the highest
82
Q

What are general features of a tropical storm?

A
  • circular in shape
  • hundreds of kilometres wide
  • last 7-14 days
  • spin anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere
  • spin clockwise in the southern hemisphere
83
Q

What are some structural features of a tropical storm?

A 
the eye (the centre of the storm)
eyewall (what surrounds the eye)
84
Q

What are the features of the eye?

A
  • up to 50km across caused by descending air

- low pressure, light winds, no clouds, no rain and a high temperature

85
Q

What are the features of the eyewall?

A

-spiralling rising air, very strong winds, storm clouds, torrential rain, low temperature

86
Q

What affect will climate change have on tropical storms?

A
  • since global temperatures are rising, more of the worlds oceans will be above 27°C so more places will experience tropical storms
  • oceans will stay at 27°C or above for more of the year so the number of tropical storms each year could increase
  • storms could also be stronger from the higher temperature
87
Q

What are the primary effects of tropical storms?

A
  • building and bridges destroyed
  • river and coastal areas flood
  • people drown, are injured or killed by debris that is blown around
  • roads, railways, ports and airports are damaged
  • electricity cables damaged
  • sewage overflows due to flooding (sewage contaminates water supplies)
88
Q

What are the secondary effects of tropical storms?

A
  • people left homeless
  • shortage of clean water and lack of proper sanitation
  • roads are blocked or destroyed so aid and emergency vehicles can’t get through
  • businesses get damaged or destroyed causing unemployment
  • shortage of food (crops damaged, livestock killed, supply lines blocked)
89
Q

What are the immediate responses to tropical storms?

A
  • evacuate people before the storm arrives
  • rescue people
  • set up temporary shelters
  • provide temporary supplies of water, food, electricity, gas and communication systems
  • recover dead bodies to prevent the spread of disease
  • foreign governments or NGOs may send aid workers, supplies, equipment or financial donations
90
Q

What are the long term responses to tropical storms?

A
  • repair homes or rehouse people
  • repair or replace damaged infrastructure
  • repair and improve flood defence systems
  • improve forecasting techniques to give people more warning
  • provide aid, grants and subsidies to residents to repair and strengthen homes
  • promote economic recovery and encourage people to return (e.g. tax breaks)
  • improve building regulations so more buildings withstand hurricanes
91
Q

What are the three strategies to reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A

prediction
planning
protection

92
Q

How can prediction reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A
  • scientist use data collected from satellites to create computer models that calculate a predicted path for the storm
  • prediction GIVES PEOPLE TIME to evacuate and protect their homes and businesses
93
Q

How can planning reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A
  • future developments can be planned to avoid the areas that are most at risk
  • emergency services can train and prepare for disasters
  • governments can plan evacuation routes to get people away from storm quickly
94
Q

How can protection reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A

-building can be designed to withstand tropical storms
-flood defences can be built along rivers and coasts
(all reduce the number of buildings destroyed so fewer people will be killed, injured, made homeless or unemployed)

95
Q

What are the different weather hazards in the UK?

A 
rain
wind
snow and ice
thunderstorms
hailstorms
heat waves
drought
96
Q

What are the factors of rain as a weather hazard in the UK?

And what effects do this weather hazard have on the UK?

A
  • too much rain in a short amount of time can cause flooding (can damage homes and possessions, disrupt transport networks and cause deaths by drowning)
  • flooding forces businesses to close and recovering from flooding can cost millions of pounds
97
Q

What are the factors of wind as a weather hazard in the UK?

And what effects do this weather hazard have on the UK?

A
  • strong winds can damage properties and disruption to transport
  • uprooted trees and debris can injure or kill people
  • forests can be damaged when trees are knocked over
  • winds are strongest in coastal areas and in upland areas
98
Q

What are the factors of snow and ice as a weather hazard in the UK?
And what effects do this weather hazard have on the UK?

A
  • cause injuries due to slipping and deaths due to the cold
  • schools and businesses can be forced to shut, major disruption to road, rail and air travel can cause economic impacts
  • cold snaps can damage crops
99
Q

What are the factors of thunderstorms as a weather hazard in the UK?
And what effects do this weather hazard have on the UK?

A
  • heavy rain, lightning and strong winds occur in a thunderstorm
  • common in the summer in the south east of the UK
  • lightening can cause death, and fires that damage property and the environment
100
Q

What are the factors of hailstorms as a weather hazard in the UK?
And what effects do this weather hazard have on the UK?

A

-make driving very dangerous and can damage and destroy crops

101
Q

What are the factors of drought as a weather hazard in the UK?
And what effects do this weather hazard have on the UK?

A
  • drought is lack of precipitation
  • water supplies can run low causing economic impacts such as loss of crops, rules to conserve water have to be introduced
102
Q

What are the factors of heat waves as a weather hazard in the UK?
And what effects do this weather hazard have on the UK?

A
  • long periods of hot weather
  • can cause deaths from heat exhaustion or difficulties breathing as pollution builds up in the air
  • disruption to transport from rails buckling or roads melting can cause economic impacts (tourism industry may benefit from better weather though)
103
Q

What is happening to the weather in the UK?

A
  • temperatures have become more extreme
  • it is raining more
  • major flooding occurs more often
104
Q

What is the named example of an extreme weather event which occurred in the UK?

A

Cockermouth flooding 2009

  • 12 inches of rain in 24 hours
  • cockermouth is in Cumbria
  • occurred because of the low pressure weather system, and the hills increases surface run off and the ground was already saturated before hand
105
Q

What were the social impacts of the cockermouth flood in 2009?

A
  • police officer died from a bridge collapsing
  • people becoming homeless
  • schools closed
106
Q

What were the economic impacts of the cockermouth flood in 2009?

A
  • bridge collapsed
  • one pub got extra businesses because the other pubs were flooded
  • businesses flooded and so people loose jobs
107
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the cockermouth flood in 2009?

A
  • geese needed to be moved
  • farmland flooded
  • farmland covered in bedload
  • the land was flooded
108
Q

What management strategies can raduce the risks from weather hazards?

A

prediction - warning systems giving people more time
protection - individuals and local authorities prepare for the extreme weather before it happens
planning - emergency services and local councils plan how to deal with the event

Geography (14 decks)

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