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Biology Gcse Edexcel > (P2) Topic 6: Plant Structures And Their Functions > Flashcards

(P2) Topic 6: Plant Structures And Their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Negative of plants making poisons

A

Uses a lot of energy

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2
Q

Positive of plants making poisons

A

Less likely to be eaten
Poisons can kill bacteria

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3
Q

How do potatoes respond to the pathogen of potato blight

A

Produces a chemical

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4
Q

What is digoxin and where is it found

A

It is a chemical found in foxgloves, which can kill as it affects how the heart beats

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5
Q

What is quinine and what is it produced by

A

It treats malaria and it produced by chichona trees

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6
Q

What is aspirin and what is it produced by

A

It treats symptoms of disease such as pain and fever, produced by willow trees

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7
Q

What is a callose

A

A polysaccharide (a carbohydrate (e.g. starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together)

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8
Q

Why is a callose produced

A

To act as a temporary cell wall in response to stress or damage

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9
Q

What is a polysaccharide composed of

A

Glucose

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10
Q

Where is a callose produced and through what process

A

Manufactured at the cell wall through callose synthesis

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11
Q

What is a callose produced in response to

A

Wounding, infection by pathogens, aluminium, and abscisic acid

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12
Q

The lighter the shade of green, the _ sunlight it gets

A

More

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13
Q

The smaller the leaf, the _ sunlight the plant gets

A

More

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14
Q

What is the primary function of leaves

A

To be the sight of photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the green pigment in plants

A

Chlorophyll

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16
Q

How do plants produce food

A

By trapping sunlight (+other aspects)

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17
Q

Are all plant pigments green and why

A

No, there are orange, purple, yellow, and red pigments that also play a part in photosynthesis
The orange pigment is called carotenoids
Plants have different pigments to maximise their usage of solar energy that they receive

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18
Q

What kind of reaction is photosynthesis

A

Endothermic, meaning it needs a catalyst

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19
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction that isn’t used up or changed by the reaction

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20
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —— (sunlight and chlorophyll)——> glucose + oxygen

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21
Q

What is the glucose produced by photosynthesis used for

A

For energy through respiration

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22
Q

How is glucose stored in a plant

A

As starch

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23
Q

What is the formula equation for photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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24
Q

What is Fick’s Law

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference)/ thickness of membrane

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25
Why are leaves wide and flat
To create a large surface area and to absorb as much light as possible
26
Why are leaves thin
So gasses can reach cells easily
27
Why do leaves have veins
To carry water to the cells and carry glucose away
28
Why do leaves have stomata
For gasses to move in and out
29
What are stomata
Holes on leaves through which gasses move in and out
30
Where are stomata
The underside of the leaf (lower epidermis)
31
Why are stomata on the underside of the leaf
To prevent excess water loss
32
Why do some plants eat animals
To create their own fertilisers- if there is little nitrogen in the soil, they get nitrogen from animals
33
What family does the cactus belong to
Xerophite family
34
Why are there different colours of cactus
For different light intensities
35
What does albedo mean
How much light reflects off a surface
36
Why do cacti have spines
The leaves evolved into spines to reduce the surface area so less water can be lost (as they grow in hot environments) To prevent animals from eating them
37
What part of cacti contain chlorophyll and what does this cause
The stem, meaning they grow very slowly
38
Why is the stem of cacti often rounded
To reduce the surface area so less water is lost
39
Why are the roots of cacti long
To reach water deep down
40
Why does the stem of cacti store water
To last through droughts
41
How do bees pollinate flowers
The bee’s hairy bodies accidentally brushes pollen from the anthers onto the stigma
42
What are the adaptations of insect pollinated flowers to attract insects
Brightly coloured petals Nectar made at the base of the petals
43
How do wind pollinated flowers pollinate
Wind carries the pollen away and some of it falls onto the stigmas of other flowers
44
How are wind pollinated flowers adapted
Anther hangs out of the flower, small and light pollen grains
45
What kit is needed to test a leaf for starch
Bunsen burner, tripod, gauze, heat-proof mat, tweezers, ethanol, water, test tube, iodine, leaf, beaker
46
What is the method to test a leaf for starch
1) Boil a beaker of water over a silent blue flame 2) Place a leaf into the beaker for two minutes to break down the cell wall of the leaf 3) Take the leaf out with tweezers 4) Place the leaf into a test tube with ethanol to remove the chlorophyll to make it a fair test 5) Place the test tube into the beaker of water, with the Bunsen burner off as ethanol is highly explosive and ethanol has a lower boiling point than water 6) Remove the leaf when the colour has been removed 7) Add iodine to the leaf- orange= no starch, blue-black= starch
47
Testing a leaf for starch (simple version)
1) boil 2) leaf into for 2 minutes 3) leaf out 4) with ethanol 5) into beaker, no flame 6) no colour 7) iodine
48
What do all plant tissues require to survive
Water
49
What do the xylem and phloem do
Transport water, but in different ways
50
What practical measures the rate of photosynthesis
Elodea bubbler
51
What happens in the practical to measure the rate of photosynthesis- steps
1) Pondweed in a conical flask containing a mix of water and sodium hydrogen carbonate 2) Pondweed does photosynthesis and produces bubbles of oxygen 3) The rate of photosynthesis in this experiment can be measured by counting the number of bubbles per minute OR by collecting the oxygen produced in a gas syringe (more accurate) 4) Test if the gas is oxygen
52
What is the test to prove that a gas is oxygen
Put a glowing split (not lit!!) in a test tube filled with the gas collected and if the split relights, its oxygen
53
What is the practical to measure the rate of photosynthesis (simple ver)
1) pondweed with water and sodium hydrogen carbonate 2) bubbles 3) count or syringe 4) oxygen?
54
What is translocation
The movement of assimilates made by plant cells along the phloem
55
What process occurs in the phloem
Osmosis
56
What is an assimilate
A complex store in biology, hard to separate the different components
57
What is the main assimilate that moves along the phloem
Sucrose
58
Which direction do fluids in the xylem go
Up
59
Which direction do fluids in the phloem go
Any direction
60
What is the source
Anywhere sucrose is released into the phloem
61
What is the sink
Anywhere sucrose is removed from the phloem
62
Is a leaf in the summer a source or sink
Source- does photosynthesis so it produces sucrose as a byproduct
63
Is a developing bud a source or sink
Sink- using sucrose, nutrients, and energy to grow
64
Is an actively growing root tip a source or sink
Sink- uses sucrose, energy, and nutrients to grow
65
How are assimilates loaded into the phloem
1) The companion cells use ATP to actively transport hydrogen ions int the surrounding tissue 2) This creates a diffusion gradient with a high concentration of hydrogen ions outside the companion cells 3) Hydrogen ions move back into the companion cells using co-transporter proteins and bring sucrose with them 4) This causes the concentration of sucrose in the companion cells to increase 5) Sucrose moves from the companion cells to the sieve tube elements using the plasmodesmata
66
What is ATP
Energy in cells
67
Loading assimilates into the phloem (simple version)
1) companion cells move hydrogen into tissue 2) diffusion gradient 3) hydrogen cells move back into companion cells with sucrose 4) conc of sucrose inside increases 5) sucrose moves from companions to the sieve tube
68
How is marram grass adapted to survive in the hot, windy, dry conditions of a sand dune
A thick, waxy cuticle to prevent excess water loss through evaporation Trapped air in the centre ensures there is little water lost to high winds (stuck in the centre as water vapour) Stomata in pits helps to reduce water loss as the water vapour is able to condense on the plant itself Curled shape ensures that it wont break in high wind Hairs mean that the water vapour condenses on the leaf
69
What is transpiration
How water passes up the stem
70
How do mineral ions enter the plant
Active transport, from the soil into the roots
71
What is the order of transpiration
1) Water enters the root by osmosis - in the roots 2) Water and ions pass up the xylem - in the roots 3) Transpiration stream - in the stem 4) Water evaporates - from the leaves
72
What is the transpiration stream
The movement of water through the plant
73
What are the factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Concentration of water Temperatures Surface area of leaf Wind speed
74
What is used to measure transpiration
A potometer
75
What part of the plant grows
The meristem- the other parts of the plant only elongate their cells
76
What hormone does the meristem make
Auxin
77
What is I.A.A
A hormone/chemical that makes cells elongate
78
What is I.A.A destroyed by
Light
79
What happens if one side of the meristem is in the light and the other is in the shade
The side in the shade will get taller and the side in the light will not and the plant will bend towards the sun (as the I.A.A has been destroyed on the sunny side)
80
What are hormones
Chemical messengers
81
What do hormones control in plants
Growth (roots and shoots), seed germination, leaf fall, disease, resistance, fruit formation and ripening, flowering time, and bud formation
82
What are 3 common plant hormones
Gibberellins Prostaglandins Ethylene
83
What does ethylene do
Controls fruit ripening
84
What do gibberellins do
Controls fruit development
85
What do prostaglandins do
flowering, enzyme synthesis, seed germination, and permeability
86
What is tropism
Growth response to a stimulus
87
What is phototropism
Growth in response to light Positive- at the tip, grows towards the light Negative- at the root, grows away from the light
88
What is geotropism
Growth in response to gravity Positive- at the root, grows towards gravity pull Negative- at the tip, grows away from gravity pull
89
What is chemotropism
Growth in response to chemicals Positive- at the root, grows towards chemicals Negative- at the tip, grows away from chemicals
90
What is thigmotropism
Growth in response to touch Positive- at the tip, grows towards touch (coils) Negative- at the root, grows away from touch
91
What is hydrotropism
Growth in response to water Positive- at the root, grows towards water Negative- at the tip, grows away from water

Biology Gcse Edexcel (9 decks)

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