(P1) Topic 4: Natural Selection And Genetic Modification Flashcards by Esme Adams

What is evolution

The slow, continual change of organisms over a very long time

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Who discovered evolution by natural selection

Charles Darwin

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Did humans evolve from apes

No, buy we evolved from a common ancestor

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What is Lamarckism

The theory that animals could change themselves (evolution by acquired characteristics)
E.g your mothers tattoo would be passed down to you- the theory is wrong

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What is one of the effects of evolution

The species will become better adapted to their environment

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What could happen is a species does not evolve

They any become extinct

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What are the factors that could cause a species that has not evolved to become extinct

Increased population, changes in environment, new diseases, new predators

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What were Darwin’s key observations

All living things produce more offspring than the amount that survive to adulthood but in spite of this, population sizes remain roughly constant
Variation exists among species
Characteristics can be passed on from one generation to the next

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What is intelligent design

The idea that we can detect intelligence in life

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Where does the idea of intelligent design come from

The thought that creatures are perfectly created

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What is irreducible complexity

Some organisms are “too complex” to have evolved

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What do fossils provide us evidence for

Evolution

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What are the earliest human ancestors called

Hominids

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How many years ago did Hominids evolve from ape-like animals

4 million

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Which human species is closest to Homo Sapiens

Homo Neanderthal

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What human species evolved to Homo Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens

Homo Erectus
-migrated out of Africa 1.5 million years ago
-evolved into Neanderthals in Europe
-evolved into Homo Sapiens in Africa

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What are the orders of Hierarchical Classification

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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What is the acrostic for remember hierarchical classification

Definitely Keep Privates Clean Or Face Getting Syphilis

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What are the 5 kingdoms + descriptions

Animals- no cell wall, no photosynthesis (eats instead), nucleus
plants- cellulose cell wall, photosynthesis, vacuole, nucleus
fungi- cell wall made out of chitin, no photosynthesis, nucleus
bacteria- single cell, no nucleus
protists- doesn’t fit into any other category e.g seaweed

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What is phylogeny

Putting things not groups in increasing specification

What are the 3 domains

Archae, eukaryotes, prokaryotes

What is taxonomy

The study of biological classification

Who is Carl Linnaeus

He set out to prove God created everything by naming everything

What is the basic unit of biological classification

Species

What are the two ways in which a species can be defined

1- what features, both psychological and biochemical, does that animal or plant uniquely posses 2- whether or not the animals within it are capable of of reproducing to produce fertile offspring

What does heredity mean

The passing of DNA to offspring

What is selective breeding

The selection of organisms with desirable (T humans) features to produce varieties of plants and animals that ave desirable features

What takes more time: selective breeding or natural selection

Natural selection

What is artificial selection

The gradual improvement of animal or plant characteristics over time, for man’s benefit

What is a gene pool

All the alleles and genes within a breeding population

what are the issues with selective breeding

Reduces variation (number of alleles) Smaller gene pool Can lead to features linked to health problems

What is the issue with having a smaller gene pool

A smaller gene pool may not contain an organism that has an allele to defend against a new disease. This could cause extinction

What is genetic engineering

The alteration of an organisms genome to produce an organism with desired characteristics

What is a positive or CRISPR

It made prices and time of genetic engineering decrease

What is an example of a protein that has been produced in larger volumes thanks to genetic engineering

Insulin The method is also more acceptable to more people

What is a plasmid

A circular loop of DNA found in some bacterial cells

What can plasmids be used for

Carrying DNA from one cell to another

What is a vector in biology

An agent that carries DNA from one cell to another

What is an example of a vector in biology

A plasmid

What are the steps of CRISPR

1. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA backbone at specific sites 2. The restriction enzymes make staggered cuts on the DNA backbone that leave exposed bases called sticky ends 3. Ligament enzyme acts as a glue between that DNA strands. They join adjacent nucleotides in the backbone

What are the steps for genetically engineering insulin (5)

1. The gene that codes for the insulin proven is cut from the DNA using a restriction enzyme 2. A plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell 3. The plasmid is going to be cut with the same restriction enzyme that was used to cut the human DNA. This results the sticky ends being complimentary 4. The complimentary sticky ends of the human DNA and the plasmid are joined together using the enzyme ligase. This forms a recombinant plasmid (human + bacteria) 5. Inject the recombinant back into the bacteria

What are the health problems associated with ingesting pesticides

Adverse mental development at 2 years of age,attention problems at 3.5 and 5 years of age, poorer intellectual development at 7 years, Parkinson’s, diabetes, cancer

What is the timescale to develop new pesticides

12 years

What is the cost to develop a new pesticide

£200 million

Why could it be so expensive ad take so long to create a new pesticide

Tricky to create something that only harms what it is meant to-not harmful to the plant (taste, growth, or nutritional value) and also not harmful to humans

What are some suggested benefits of organic produce

Low pesticide levels Potential risks to human health are largely avoided Organic milk has higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids Healthier dietary preferences Environmental sustainability

Why might farmers use pesticides

It is the cheapest way to kill a great amount of pest- increases revenue the most

Why might some farmers prefer to use alternatives to pesticides

Less health risks to humans

Why do farmers use fertilisers

To replace the minerals (e.g nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus) in the soil that have already been used by crops in previous years