P2 - Thermal physics (kinetic particle model of matter, thermal expansion, boiling and evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation and their consequences) Flashcards

1
Q

process of:
-solid to liquid
-liquid to gas
-gas to liquid
-liquid to solid
-solid to gas
-gas to solid

A

-melting
-boiling/ evaporation
-condensation
-freezing
-sublimation
-deposition

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2
Q

particle arrangement and motion in solid

A

-lattice structure with closely and in packed particles
motion in particles that vibrate in fixed positions

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3
Q

particle arrangement and motion in liquids

A

-irregular order of particles that slide past each other randomly

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4
Q

particle arrangement and motion in gas

A

-irregular order of particles that move around freely and randomly in all directions.

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5
Q

compressible- solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- no
liquid- no
gas- yes

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6
Q

space between particles in solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- no
liquid- yes, little
gas- yes lots

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7
Q

change in substance volume

A

solid- no
liquid- no
gas- yes

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8
Q

particle energy in solids, liquids, gas

A

solid- least
liquid- intermediate
gas- most

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9
Q

intermolecular forces in solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- strong
liquid- weak
gas- negligible

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10
Q

most to least expansion in matter

A

-gas
-liquid
-solids

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11
Q

define heat

A

amount of thermal energy

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12
Q

define temperature

A

average kinetic energy of particles

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13
Q

define absolute 0

A

-when particles have no kinetic energy = no movement
-measured in kelvin

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14
Q

what is 0 K in Celsius

A

0k = -273 C

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15
Q

what happens to a heat curve on a graph

A

-temperature stays constant when changing state till all particles are same state.

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16
Q

what is the relationship between the intermolecular forces and temperature of particles

A

increase temperature, decreases intermolecular forces

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17
Q

define Brownian’s motion

A

zig- zag motion of particles when suspended in fluid as a result of collision of particles in fluid.

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18
Q

2 example of Brownian’s motion

A

-smoke particles
-pollen grain

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19
Q

formula of pressure in solids

A

P = F/ A
Pressure = force/ area

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20
Q

formula of pressure in liquids

A

P = hpg
pressure = height x density x gravitational field strength

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21
Q

what is pressure in container

A

force of particles colliding on the wall of the container

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22
Q

where is pressure same in

A

all directions

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23
Q

what is the relationship between temperature and pressure

A

increase temperature, increase pressure

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24
Q

what is the relationship between volume and pressure

A

increase volume, decrease pressure

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25
Q

what is the relationship between volume, temperature and pressure

A

-increase volume, increase temperature, constant pressure

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26
Q

which direction is the transfer of heat and when does it stop

A

hot to cold until both temperatures are equal

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27
Q

define insulators

A

-poor conductors of heat eg. air, wood, plastic
-there is poor transfer of energy between particles

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28
Q

what do good conductors of heat do

A

-gain and lose heat easily

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29
Q

why are metal good conductors of heat

A

-particles collide to transfer energy
-mobile electrons can carry energy through the structure

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30
Q

define expansion

A

particles gain thermal energy which is converted into kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces and move apart

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31
Q

expansion and contraction in power lines

A

-causes slack E
-snaps C

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32
Q

why is mercery used in thermometers

A

-expands easily
-volume increases with expansion

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33
Q

expansion and contraction in thermometer

A

-increase KE, increase volume, liquid rises E
-decrease KE, decrease volume, liquid falls C

34
Q

expansion and contraction in bridges

A

-rollers help to fill small gap E
-rollers pull back C

35
Q

expansion and contraction in railway

A

-get wonky E
-break C

36
Q

expansion and contraction in hot air balloon

A

-get bigger and rises E
-get smaller and falls

37
Q

expansion and contraction in thermostat

A

-metal bends and breaks circuit when too hot E
-metal goes back to original position and completes circuit C

38
Q

why do cables hang with slack

A

they don’t snap when contracting

39
Q

Why don’t you reinforce concrete with Al rods

A

Al will expand and breaks concrete

40
Q

why do bimetallic strips bend with heated

A

-one of the metals expands more and pushes the other one so both metal strips bend

41
Q

why does water expand when freezing

A

-no KE to overcome Hydrogen bonds so it goes back to its regular structure

42
Q

when does boiling/ evaporation happen

A

boiling- fixed temperature
evaporation- any temperature

43
Q

how fast is the process of boiling/ evaporation

A

boiling- quick process
evaporation- long process

44
Q

where in the liquid does boiling/ evaporation happen

A

boiling- throughout liquid
evaporation- at surface of liquid

45
Q

how does the temperature in boiling/ evaporation remain

A

boiling- constant
evaporation- may change

46
Q

how is energy supplied in boiling/ evaporation

A

boiling- heat source
evaporation- environment

47
Q

are bubbles formed in boiling/ evaporation

A

boiling- yes
evaporation- no

48
Q

what does evaporation cause and how

A

-cooling
-evaporated particles carry energy so the body loses energy and feels colder

49
Q

3 examples of cooling through evaporation

A

-coming out of hot shower
-washing face
-drying clothes

50
Q

4 factors of evaporation

A

-temperature, more
-humidity, less
-surface area, more
-wind speed, more

51
Q

3 energy transfers

A

-conduction
-convection
-radiation

52
Q

define conduction

A

transfer of energy through collision of particles

53
Q

best to worst state of matter for conduction and why

A

-solid- closely packed together
-liquid
-gas- particles are far apart

54
Q

define convection

A

transfer of energy in fluids by creating a convection current where less dense hot particles rises and more dense colder particles sinks

55
Q

which states of matter are fluids

A

liquids and gas

56
Q

why is convection only in fluids

A

they have to to free to move and set up a convection current

57
Q

which is the best state of matter in convection and why

A

-liquids- particles are close to each other

58
Q

what must you do when drawing a convection current

A

draw 2 arrows to show the convection current

59
Q

what does the sea have more than the land

A

a larger thermal capicity

60
Q

what is an onshore breeze

A

-at day
-land loses heat, convection current, breeze to the land

61
Q

what is an offshore breeze

A

-at night
-water loses heat, convection current, breeze to water

62
Q

why is it safer to touch hot stuff with a dry cloth than a wet cloth

A

-wet cloth has solids and liquids so it transfer heat through conduction and convection
-dry cloth has only solid so it only transfers heat through conduction

63
Q

why is a drought felt near a bon fire

A

the air from convection current comes past

64
Q

why cant a fridge cool the food if it is tightly packed together

A

no air particles to do conduction or convection

65
Q

define radiation

A

transfer of energy by a wave

66
Q

where does radiation occur

A

solid, liquids, gas, vacuum (does not need a medium due to infrared radiation)

67
Q

which state of matter is radiation best in

A

-gas- particles are far apart so there are less collisions for the wave and it can travel easily

68
Q

what can be done to a wave

A

reflected, absorbed, transmitted, emitted

69
Q

define emission

A

wave is given out

70
Q

define transmission

A

traveling through a medium

71
Q

rank best to worst reflectors

A

-shiny silver
-white
-glossy back
-matt black

72
Q

rank best to worst emitters

A

-matt black
-glossy black
-white
-shiny sliver

73
Q

rank best to worst absorbers

A

-matt black
-glossy black
-white
-shiny sliver

74
Q

5 ways to reduce heat loss from house

A

-double glazed windows
-wooden door with foam strips
-wool under roof
-carpet on floor
-curtain on walls

75
Q

define global warming

A

-average temperature of the earth increasing

76
Q

define the greenhouse effect

A

the earth’s atmosphere traps heat

77
Q

define climate change

A

-long term changes in climate

78
Q

4 examples of climate change

A

-(unpredictable weather patterns)
-floods
-hurricanes
-forest fires
-soil erosion

79
Q

2 main greenhouse gases

A

-methane - cows and sheep’s burps, decomposition
-carbon dioxide - respiration, combustion of fossil fuels

81
Q

why is vacuum flask a good product

A

-cork stopper: insulator to prevent conduction from the top
-insulated support: insulator to prevent conduction from the bottom
-vacuum: prevents conduction and radiation- only radiation comes through
-shiny silver layer inside: good reflector of radiation

82
Q

how does the shiny silver layer in the vacuum flask work

A

-heat moves from hot to cold
-good reflector of radiation from outside for cold water
-good reflector of radiation from inside for hot water