P2 SB The Changing Economic World Flashcards
Development is…
Positive change that makes things better
Quality of life is a matter of opinion which makes it harder to ____
Measure
Name three factors contributing to quality of life
Any three from:
Income
Job security
Happiness
Freedom / security
Diet / nutrition / water supply
Family / friends
Education
Health
What does GNI stand for?
Gross National Income
What is GNI used to measure?
The wealth and income of a country
What is used when measuring GNI?
Total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from and paid to other countries
What is GNI expressed as?
Per capita
Some countries may seem to have a high GNI as they’re relatively ___ and have a __ population but this doesn’t necessarily mean they have a good _____
Wealthy
Small
Quality of life
Disadvantage: GNI is not representative of…
The whole population
Advantage: GNI allows us to begin categorising ____ into levels of _____
Countries
Development
HDI stands for:
Human Development Index
HDI links wealth to…
Health and education
HDI aims to show how people are ____ from a country’s ____ growth
Benefitting
Economic
Measures used to produce HDI are…
Life expectancy at birth
Number of years of education
GNI per capita
What is HDI expressed in?
Values 0-1, where 1 is the highest
Disadvantage: it’s difficult to collect ____ data for all three measures used in HDI
Accurate
Advantage: HDI uses a more broad range of _____ and is generally more _____ than other measures
Information
Accurate
Birth rate is:
Number of live births per year per 1000 people
Death rate is:
Number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Water accessibility is:
The % of the population with access to safe drinking water
Life expectancy is:
The average age a person is expected to live to
Doctor availability is:
The average no. of patients each available doctor is responsible for
The % of the population that can read or write over the age of 15 is called what?
Literacy rate
Infant mortality rate is:
The number of children who die before the age of 1, per 1000 live birthd
Stage 1 of the DTM is called?
High fluctuating
In stage 1 the birth and death rates are both ___
High
In stage 1 the population is….
Low and fluctuating
In stage 1, the birth and death rates cancel each other out, accounting for a ___ but __ population
Stable
Low
In stage 1 the high birth rate reflects the high ______ rate
Infant mortality
Why is there a high death rate in stage 1?
Poor healthcare, famine, war
Give an example of stage 1 in the DTM
Traditional rainforest tribes
What is stage 2 in the DTM?
Early expanding
Describe the birth and death rates in stage 2
Birth rate is high because there is little / no contraception and family planning
Death rate is rapidly decreasing due to improved standard of living and healthcare
What is happening to the general population in stage 2?
Rapidly increasing
Example of a country in stage 2?
Afghanistan
Stage 3 is called?
Late expanding
Birth rate in stage 3 is rapidly _____
Decreasing
The death rate in stage 3 is slowly _____
Decreasing
Why does the death rate fall in stage 3?
Medical advances
Why does the birth rate fall in stage 3?
Contraception becomes available and infant mortality rate falls
Example of stage 3?
Brazil
Stage 4 is called low _____
Fluctuating
In stage 4 the birth and death rates are both ____
Low
Population is ___ and ___ in stage 4
High
Fluctuating
In stage 4 low birth and death rates fluctuate with ____ situation
Economic
In stage 4 more women go on to have careers and less ____
Children
Death rate is low because?
Good healthcare / diet / standard of livign
Example of stage 4?
USA
Stage 5: natural ____
Decrease
In stage 5 birth rate is ?
Slowly decreasing
Why is there an increasing death rate in stage 5?
Because there is an ageing population
Example of stage 5?
Germany
Name 3 physical causes of uneven development
Any 3 from:
Landlocked countries are cut off from trade
Climate-related diseases and pests
Extreme weather which can damage infrastructure
Lack of safe water
What is the historical cause of uneven development?
Empire / colonialism
Many former colonies have had civil wars and political struggles which have held back development
How have NEEs broken the cycle of unfair trade?
By investing and developing their own manufacturing industry
What % of exports from NEEs are manufactured products?
88%
Disparities in wealth:
Where is the fastest growth of wealth?
North America
Disparities in wealth:
What % of global wealth vs population is found in N America?
35% global wealth and only 5% of global population
Disparities in wealth:
What is the wealthiest country per capita?
Luxembourg
Disparities in wealth:
Of the NEEs, ___ has recorded the biggest growth since 2000
China
Disparities in wealth:
Africa’s share of wealth remains very small - __% with __% of the population
1%
12%
Disparities in health:
In LICs, ___ in every 10 deaths are children under 15
_________ is low
Complications in ____ are one of the main causes of death in children under 5
4
Life expectancy
Childbirth
Disparities in health:
In HICs, __ in 10 deaths are people over 70 (compared to __ in 10 in LICs due to low life expectancy)
Main causes of death are _____
1 in ___ deaths are children under 15
7
2
Chronic diseases
100
Migration is…
The movement of people from place to place
Immigrant = ?
A person who moves into a country
Emigrant = ?
A person who moves out of a country
Economic migrant = ?
A person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life (eg better education / healthcare, more job opportunities)
Refugee = ?
A person forced to move from their country of origin, often as a result of war or natural disaster
Displaced person = ?
A person forced to move from their home but who stays in their country of origin
Until 2020 the majority of economic migrants entering the UK came from the EU - particularly…
Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
When Britain left the EU in 2020, what two things meant that many migrants returned home?
Stricter UK government controls on immigration
Improving economic conditions within the EU
In 2010, before war broke out, Syria was moderately wealthy, depending on…
Oil and agriculture
__% of Syria’s population worked in agriculture
Since 2011 the Syrian civil war has caused economic and social turmoil. By March 2021 an estimated ____ had died, and about ___ million have fled the country. This represents over __% of the world’s refugees
594,000
6.6
25%
Today __% of people in Syria live below the poverty line - they earn less than US $_ a day
___ million Syrians don’t have enough food
80%
1$
9.3 million
Syria’s HDI ranking has gone from 109th to ___
The largest host community for Syrian refugees is currently ____
In Europe the refugees have mainly settled in ___ and ___
151st
Turkey
Germany and Sweden
Reducing the development gap: investment
Many countries and TNCs choose to invest __ and __ in LICs
Money
Expertise
Investing in LICs can involve…
Development of infrastructure eg water / electricity
Improvements to harbours / ports
Development of new industries
Providing employment and income from abroad
Reducing the development gap: industrial development
A factory creates…
Employment for workers and taxes to government
Industrial development:
Money from the factory can be invested in things like…
Schools, roads, and services eg water / healthcare
Industrial development:
Money invested into services —> the population becomes…
Better educated and healthier
Industrial development:
Opportunities are created for…
New investments eg community facilities
Reducing the development gap: tourism
Countries with beautiful landscapes / lots of wildlife become tourist destinations
This leads to increased…
Income from abroad
Tourism can generate a lot of income but is vulnerable in times of…
Economic recession
Reducing the development gap: aid
Aid is when…
A country or nongovernmental organisation (NGO) donates resources to another country to help it develop / improve people’s lives
Aid can take the form of:
Money
Emergency supplies
Food or technology
Specialised skills (eg doctors / engineers)
Aid can reduce the development gap by:
Enabling countries to invest in development projects such as roads
Focusing on healthcare / education / services at a local scale
Only aid that is ____ and ___ can really address the development gap
Long term
Freely given
Reducing the development gap: intermediate technology
What is intermediate technology?
Intermediate technology is sustainable and appropriate to the needs, knowledge and wealth of local people. It takes the form of small scale projects
Is trade fair?
Richer countries benefit more than poor
Tariffs are paid on imports
Quotas are limits on the quantity of good that can be imported
Over 50% of the world’s cocoa comes from two west African countries:
The Ivory Coast and Ghana
The EU imposes no tariffs on cocoa beans to encourage ____ and ____ in Europe (more money).
Tariffs are applied in cocoa powder, butter and paste, discouraging processing ____ in __s
Processing
Packaging
Industries
LIC
What is free trade?
Free trade is when countries do not charge tariffs and quotas
Free trade benefits the world’s ___ countries and reduces the ___ __
Poorest
Development gap
The world trade organisation aims to make trade ___. A main barrier is agricultural ____ (financial support from the govt) to help their farmers. Rich countries can afford these subsidies and poor can’t, so the rich make products ___ than the poor
Easier
Subsidy
Cheaper
What are trading groups?
Countries that have grouped together to increase level of trade, eg EU
What are the advantages of poor countries joining a trade group?
Good prices, share of market, more trade
What is fair trade?
Fair trade sets standards for trade with poorer countries, seeking to reduce the development gap by improving the quality of life for farmers and getting them a fair deal
Advantages of fair trade:
Farmer gets a fair payment
Part of price is invested in local community
Farmer farms in environmentally friendly way
Product gains stronger position in market
In Uganda, over __% of small coffee farmers have joined the Gumutindo Coffee Cooperative to gain ___ of __, meaning they make savings by selling and buying ___ amounts of coffee
90%
Economies
Scale
Larger
Ugandan coffee farmers:
The first stage of processing is on the farm - the semi processed beans are worth __ than unprocessed. They are sent to a warehouse for ___ and then packed for ___ where the final roasting takes place
More
Milling
Export
Why is it a good idea to begin processing coffee beans on the farm?
The processing adds value to the product and increases the farmer’s income
Jamaica is one of the ____ islands in the Caribbean and has a population of ____
Largest
2.9 million
Jamaica’s economy is based on a range of ____, agricultural products (eg ___), and some _____
Minerals
Sugar
Manufacturing
How has tourism impacted Jamaica’s economy?
In 2019 contributed 35% of GDP
Income from tourism = US $2bn/year
Taxes paid to government —> contribute further to development
How has tourism impacted employment in Jamaica?
Main source of employment (200,000 people)
Provides income which boosts local economy as people spend money in shops and on services
Those in employment learn new skills (better future prospects)
Quality of life better for many
How has tourism impacted Jamaica’s infrastructure?
High level of investment on north coast where much of the tourism is centred
New port and cruise liner facilities at Falmouth
Road and airport improvements have been slower and parts of the island remain isolated
How has tourism impacted Jamaica’s quality of life?
In the northern areas of Montego Bay and Ocho Rios wealthy Jamaicans have high standard of living (these areas have benefitted from tourist industry)
Large numbers of people live nearby in poor housing - limited access to fresh water, healthcare, education, food
How has tourism impacted Jamaica’s environment?
Mass tourism can create problems eg waste + emissions
Benefits - conservation + landscaping projects provide jobs
Montego Bay improved by landscaping, new water treatment plant at Logwood has reduced hotel pollution
Negril Marine Nature Park attracts tourists + brings income
Community / eco tourism expanding - locals run guest houses or are guides
What is aid?
When a country / nongovernmental organisation (NGO) donates resources to another country to help it develop or improve people’s lives
Aid can take the form of:
Money
Emergency supplies
Food
Technology
Specialised skills (eg doctors)
Aid can reduce the development gap by…
Enabling countries to invest in development projects eg roads
Focusing on healthcare, education + services at a local scale
Only aid that is ___ and ____ can really address the development gap
Long term
Freely given
What is Goat Aid from Oxfam?
Set up to help African families
Produces milk (can be used to make butter) and meat
Helps generate food, fertiliser and income
Builds community spirit
What is intermediate technology
Intermediate technology is sustainable and appropriate to the needs, knowledge and wealth of local people
Intermediate technology takes the form of…
Small scale projects
What is a named example of intermediate technology?
Adis-Nifas dam in Ethiopia - small dam built, creating reservoir close to fields - irrigation
Benefits of using intermediate technology at the Adis-Nifas dam?
Uses local building materials
Provides local employment
Uses local tools and knowledge
Irrigated land provides food for villagers
Where is Nigeria
West Africa
Borders sea at Gulf of Guinea
Directly south of UK
Tropical climate - variable rainy and dry seasons
What % of global oil is supplied by Nigeria?
2.2%
What is capital of Nigeria
Abuja
Nigeria has a ___ economy including: ___ services, _____ and ___
Diverse
Financial
Telecommunications
Media
Nigeria has highest ___ in Africa
GDP
Nigeria has the ___ largest ___ sector in Africa
3rd
Manufacturing
Population of Nigeria?
206 million
In 2014, __% of Nigerians were employed in agriculture
In 2020 it was __%
Why has it changed?
70%
35%
Rural-urban migration
Nigerian cinema (_____) is the __ largest film industry in the world
Nollywood
2nd
Nigeria’s football team has won the…
How many times?
African Cup of Nations
3 times
Why can’t cattle be kept in the southern area of Nigeria?
The tsetse fly (common in south) transmits fatal parasite to livestock
_____ in Nigeria has resulted in loss of __% of TRF between 2005 and 2020
Deforestation
14%
The ___ industry has caused environmental ____ (especially in the ___ ___) due to _____ and ____
Oil
Degradation
Niger Delta
Forest fires
Oil spillage
When did Nigeria become independent from UK?
1960
Power struggles resulted in ____ and a ___ ___, affecting Nigeria’s ____ and leading to widespread ____
Dictatorships
Civil war
Development
Corruption
Several countries are now investing in Nigeria eg…
China
S Africa
USA
Nigeria has had a stable government since…
1999
Which religions are practised widely in Nigeria?
Christianity
Islam
Traditional African religions
In ___ the ___-dominated SE tried to separate and there was civil war until ___
1967
Igbo
1970
_____ ____ between N and S has created ____ and ____ tensions
Economic inequality
Ethnic
Religious
Traditionally, Nigeria’s main sources of income were ____ products such as ____, ____ and ____
Primary
Cocoa
Timber
Cotton
Discovery of ____ in the Niger Delta in the 1950s led to big change in Nigeria’s ____
Oil
Economy
Today oil accounts for __% of Nigeria’s GDP and __% of export earnings
9%
90%
Nigeria has world’s ___ highest level of oil reserves
10th
In Nigeria, employment in agriculture has steadily ____ due to increasing use of ____, and competition from other forms of employment offering better ___ and ___
Decreased
Machinery
Pay
Conditions
Agriculture contributes __% of Nigeria’s GDP
22%
Industrial sector accounts for __% of Nigeria’s GDP and is fastest growing industrial sector in ____
27%
Africa
Service sector expanded due to growth of…
Communications
Retail
Finances
Service: __% of Nigeria’s GDP, __% of workers
50%
53%
Why is Nigeria’s economy developing?
Rapid technology advances
Information technology beginning to drive economy rather than oil
Benefits from trade + global finance
Concern for environment
Many speak English (growth in telecommunications)
Investment in science + tech training
What is a TNC
Large company that operates in several countries
Usually has headquarters in one country with production plants in several others
Why do TNCs have HQs in one country and production plants in others?
Cheap labour
Tax incentives
Laxer environmental laws
Access to wider market
Advantages of TNCs in Nigeria?
Provide employment + skill training
Often invest in local area - improve services eg roads, electricity
Govt benefits from export taxes - money can be used to improve education, healthcare, services
Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria?
Poor working conditions
Most profit goes abroad rather than benefitting host country (economic leakage)
Environmental damage - easier for TNCs to dump waste in LICs / NEEs
Info about Shell oil in Nigeria?
One of world’s largest oil companies
Anglo-Dutch owned, HQ in London
1958 oil found in Niger Delta, She’ll commences its operations there
Benefits of Shell in Nigeria
Contributions made in taxes + export revenue
Direct employment for 2700 people and 9000 contractors - 97% Nigerian
90% of Shell contracts given to Nigerian contracts
3000 scholarships provided to schools / universities
Negatives of Shell in Nigeria
Oil spills - water pollution + soil degradation - reduces agricultural and fishing yields
Oil flares - toxic fumes into air
Militant groups disrupt oil supply
Oil theft + sabotage reduce production rates + cost billions of $ annually
Human rights abuses (eg murder and torture) committed against Ogoni people
Manufacturing = __% of Nigeria’s GDP
27%
_____ is growing faster than Nigeria’s other sectors
Manufacturing
Growing ___ ____, cheap ____, improving ____
Home market
Labour force
Infrastructure
How is manufacturing affecting economic development?
More people employed means increased revenue from taxes
Stimulates growth of supply chain industry
Increase FDI attracted by thriving industrial sector
Incomes from work provides larger home market for products eg cars and clothes
What is aid
A way of assisting people with resources in order to improve their lives
Who can provide aid
Individuals
Charities
NGOs
Governments
International organisations
What type of aid would help Nigeria?
Developmental - long term aid aiming to promote progress within a country. Aims to improve quality of life
Why does Nigeria need aid?
Poverty - limited access to safe water / sanitation / electricity
Over 82 million (60%) live on under $1/day
Life expectancy 53
Birth rates and infant mortality rates high
What aid is Nigeria receiving?
Developmental
Biggest source = IDA (international development association) - gave $700 million in 2019
Japan, Germany, USA
Receives 6% of all African aid
How may aid be prevented from being used effectively?
Corruption
Govt diverts money to use elsewhere
Donors may have political influence over what happens to money
Dependent on aid - therefore slower economic growth / development
How has industrial growth impacted the environment in Nigeria
Chemical water disposed of on nearby land, threatens groundwater quality
Toxic waste from W Europe dumped in Gulf of Guinea
Harmful pollutants in water channels- harmful to people + ecosystems
Poisonous gases from industrial chimneys - respiratory + heart problems
96% of Nigeria’s forests destroyed (logging, agriculture, urban expansion)
How has mining + oil extraction impacted the environment in Nigeria?
Economic developments in Niger Delta have caused conflicts with locals
Tin mining —> soil erosion and pollution of local water supplies
Oil spills —> negative effects on ecosystems
Oil spills can also cause fires - harmful gases into atmosphere, acid rain
How has urban growth impacted the environment in Nigeria?
Services have failed to keep pace with rate of economic growth
Squatter settlements common in cities
Waste disposal a major issue
Traffic congestion major problem in cities - high levels of exhaust emissions
How has commercial farming impacted the environment in Nigeria?
Desertification major problem - made worse by large scale dam + irrigation schemes
Water pollution - chemicals, soil erosion, silting of river channels
Building of settlements and roads has destroyed habitats / produced CO2
Land degradation
Species have disappeared due to deforestation
As a country’s economy develops, people will usually see some benefits eg…
Reliable / better paid jobs
Higher disposable income to spend on schooling, food, clothes, etc
Better access to safe water / sanitation
Improvements to infrastructure
Access to better diet —> higher productivity at work / school
Reliable electricity
Better healthcare
Have all Nigerians benefitted from economic development?
Nigeria’s HDI has been increasing since 2005 (trend expected to continue)
In 2000 Nigeria placed among least developed nations in wealth / education
In 2011 Nigeria had one of the highest HDI improvements in world over past decade
Have there been any negatives?
Many still poor
Limited access to safe water / sanitation / electricity
30 years ago Nigeria had a similar stage of development to Malaysia and Singapore, since then these have moved far ahead
Huge wealth from oil not used effectively
Corruption
Price of oil falling
Will people’s QoL continue to improve?
60% live in poverty - improvement will depend on country coping with challenges
Need for stable govt to encourage investment
Environmental - pollution of delta has devastated lives of locals, pests restrict livestock farming, desertification
Social - historic distrust remains between several groups, religious divides, recent kidnappings spread fear
How has the UK’s primary industry changed
75% in 1800
30% in 1900
2% in 2006
Decreased due to improvements in technology / machinery
How has the UK’s secondary industry changed
15% in 1800
55% in 1900
15% in 2006
Increased due to industrial rev
Decreased due to de-industrialisation
How has the UK’s tertiary industry changed
10% in 1800
15% in 1900
74% in 2006
Increase due to growth of trade + invention of internet
How has the UK’s quaternary industry changed
9% in 2006
Involves lots of technology / internet
Often need university qualifications - more available in last few decades
Define de-industrialisation
The decline in secondary (manufacturing) industry and subsequent growth in tertiary + quaternary employment
Define globalisation
The growth and spread of ideas, cultures, people, money, goods + information around the world
Globalisation was made possible by…
Developments in transport, communications and internet
Globalisation has led to…
Explosion of quaternary industry. Many people work on global brands / products
Has boosted world trade + allowed new products to be imported into UK
Why has de-industrialisation occurred in the UK?
Countries like China or Indonesia produce cheaper goods because labour is less expensive
Decreased investment, high labour costs + outdated machinery —> expensive
Machines / tech have replaced many people in modern industries
Traditional UK industries such as…
Have been replaced by…
Coal mining, engineering + manufacturing
Financial services, media, research + creative industries
What is a post-industrial economy?
Manufacturing declines to be replaced by growth in the service sector
Development of a quaternary sector
Post-industrial economy happened in UK in…
1970s
By 2015, __% of UK employment was in tertiary sector
Only 10% in ____ compared to __% in 1990
78%
Manufacturing
55%
Examples of jobs in IT?
Manufacturing hardware
Designing software
What developments have taken place in IT?
Internet enables global communication
Developments of technology
Internet readily available (phones etc)
How has IT affected the UK economy
Working from home
New businesses
1.3 million work in IT
One of world’s leading digital economies
Examples of jobs in service industries and finance?
Banking
Insurance
What developments have taken place in service industries + finance?
Service sector has grown rapidly since 1970s
Contributes to over 79% of UK economic output
How has service industries and finance affected UK economy
World’s leading centre for financial services
10% of UK GDP
Employs 2 million
Examples of jobs in research?
BBC
Environment agency
Biotechnology
Universities
What developments have taken place in research?
Research at universities eg Cambridge, Manchester, Edinburgh
Also done by private companies and government bodies
How has research affected UK economy
Employs 60,000 highly qualified people
Estimated to contribute £3bn to economy
What is the British Antarctic Survey?
Employs 500+ highly skilled people
Based in Cambridge, Antarctica and Arctic
Involves use of ships, aircraft and research stations
The British Antarctic Survey’s research in ___ regions helps our understanding of ____ and human impact on its _____
Polar
Earth
Natural systems
The BAS is currently investigating topics such as…
Future changes in Arctic sea ice
What is a science park
A group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site
How many science parks are there in the UK?
Over 100
Most associated with universities (allows them to employ skilled graduates)
Southampton Science Park opened in…
It has expanded since then to include ___ small science and ____ businesses
1986
100
Innovation
Benefits of the University of Southampton science park?
Links with university - provides research facilities and academic talent
Source of graduate employees
Attractive location - extensive green areas
Meeting rooms, coffee shop, high speed broadband etc on site
Transport links - close to M3, airport and rail links
What is a business park?
An area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
Why are business parks usually on the edge of towns?
Land cheaper
More land available —> may be possible to extend businesses
Access often better for workers (less traffic congestion)
Businesses can benefit by working together
Cobalt Business Park is the UK’s ___ business park
Largest
Cobalt Park has several support facilities including…
Retail outlets
Fitness centre
Cycleways
Green spaces
Cobalt Business Park is close to the ___ road and _____
A1
International airport
Businesses located in Cobalt Park qualify for ______ ______ because…
Government assistance
The NE of England has suffered from economic decline as traditional industries have closed down
Name 3 companies located in Cobalt Park
Any 3 from:
Santander
IBM
EE
Procter & Gamble
Siemens
Where in the UK is Cobalt Business Park located?
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
What are environmental impacts of industry?
Manufacturing plants look dull - negative visual effect on landscape
Pollution - air, water and soil degradation from industrial processes and waste products
Transport of raw materials + manufacturing products increases air pollution
What can be done to ensure industrial development is more sustainable?
Technology used to reduce emissions
Desulphurisation removes sulphur dioxide + nitrogen oxide from power station chimneys
Heavy fines imposed when industrial pollution incident occurs
Impacts of quarrying in UK
Destroys habitats
Pollutes nearby water sources
Scars landscape
How can quarrying be made more sustainable
Strict controls on blasting, removal of dust from roads + landscaping
Companies must restore / improve quarry after use
Recycling encouraged to reduce waste
Where is Torr Quarry
Somerset
Torr Quarry is one of 8…
Limestone quarries on the Mendip Hills, operated by Aggregate industries
What is Torr Quarry’s annual output
5 million tonnes of construction materials (used nationally)
Torr Quarry has ____ employees and ___ of its output is transported by ___
100+
3/4
Rail
Torr Quarry contributes more than £____ to local economy each year
£15 million
Name three ways Torr Quarry is trying to become more sustainable
Any 3 from:
Landscaped to blend in with environment
Limestone features created to mimic natural limestone scenery
Limestone transported by rail rather than road
Monitoring noise, vibration, dust emissions + water quality
Deepening rather than widening quarry
Landscaping the quarry to blend in with the environment - how is this sustainable?
Natural habitats lost to extraction now restored
Encourages biodiversity of area
Landscape more attractive for locals
Limestone features created to mimic natural limestone scenery - how is this sustainable?
Quarry will blend in with natural landscape (prevents becoming eyesore)
After quarrying ceases it won’t look like human activity has been there
Limestone transported by rail not road - how is this sustainable?
Excess traffic on small rural roads kept to minimum (better for locals)
Rail transport releases less CO2
Creates jobs + boosts investment in local rail infrastructure
Monitoring noise / vibration / dust emissions / water quality - how is this sustainable?
Prevents pollution of landscape
Holds companies accountable
Reduces chance of pollution affecting local populations
Deepening rather than widening quarry - how is this sustainable?
Extraction won’t spoil landscape further
Protects surrounding greenfield sites and habitats
Causes of change in South Cambridgeshire
Migration - mostly coming from Cambridge, other parts of UK and Eastern Europe
High level of employment - 21% in high tech industries
Social impacts in South Cambridgeshire
Young people cannot afford cost of houses so move away
80% car ownership —> increased traffic on narrow country roads, reduced demand for public transport
Economic impacts in South Cambridgeshire
Farmers sell land for housing development - reduced agricultural employment, increased employment in construction
Some of highest petrol prices in UK
Majority of people in Outer Hebrides are aged…
45-74
Causes of change in Outer Hebrides
Decline of more than 50% since 1901
Outward migration
Limited opportunities + employment for young people
Struggle to maintain economy (services such as post offices are closing)
Social impacts in Outer Hebrides
Fewer people of working age
Aging population and fewer young people to support them - may lead to care issues
School closures - less schoolchildren
Economic impacts in Outer Hebrides
Farming - most can only provide work for 2 days a week
Fishing industry has declined
27% increase in visitors - current infrastructure unable to support scale of tourism needed to provide alternative source of income
What is microfinance
Small scale financial support
Available from banks set up to help the poor
Microfinance loans enable people to start small businesses
How can debt relief reduce the development gap?
Helps poor countries invest in development projects eg infrastructure
Countries have used the money saved to provide services eg free education
What is a negative of debt relief?
Corrupt governments may keep the money for themselves
What is a named example of environmental impact of TNCs in Nigeria?
Bodo oil spills
What were the Bodo oil spills?
Two massive oil spills in the fishing town of Bodo
Huge impact on river ecosystems and people’s livelihoods
Shell understated the volume spilled and paid a small amount of compensation
The Bodo community took legal action, Shell admitted false statements and paid £55 million compensation
When did the Bodo oil spills happen?
2008-2009
What is the disadvantage of using birth rate as a measure of development?
Regional differences within countries - not representative of whole population
What is tied aid?
Aid may be given with certain conditions
What is voluntary aid?
Money donated by the public and distributed by NGOs
Name an NGO
Oxfam
What is multilateral aid?
Richer governments give money to international organisation eg World Bank
This then redistributes to poorer countries
What is bilateral aid?
Aid from one country to another (often tied)
How has aid benefitted Nigeria?
World Bank loaned $500 million to fund development projects and provide loans to businesses
Nets for Life (NGO) provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets
Why is road infrastructure important to the UK
Provides jobs in construction
Connects parts of country
Give two facts about changes to road infrastructure in the UK
In 2014 govt announced £15 bn Road Investment Strategy
Plans include new motorways between London, Birmingham + the north
What is an example of changes to road infrastructure in the UK
A303 is main route to SW
Can become heavily congested
£2 bn road widening project will create jobs and create a “super highway”
Why is port infrastructure important to the UK
UK port industry is largest in Europe
Employ 120,000 people
Give two facts about changes to port infrastructure in the UK
In Belfast £50 million invested in facilities to service offshore renewable energy sector
In Bristol £195 million invested for bulk handling and storage facilities
What is an example of changing port infrastructure in the UK
New container terminal at Port of Liverpool
Construction of deep water quay will cost £300 million - creates jobs, boosts local economy, reduces freight traffic on roads
Why is rail infrastructure important to the UK
Improves links between regions of UK as well as UK’s links to Europe
Give two facts about changes to rail infrastructure in the UK
Electrification of railway between Manchester and York - reduces journey time
Electrification of Midland mainline between London and Sheffield
What is an example of changes to rail infrastructure in the UK
London’s Crossrail - £14.8 bn
New railway across London linking west to east - reduces journey times and congestion
Better connections to Underground and rest of UK / Europe
Brings in additional 1.5m commuters
Why is airport infrastructure important to the UK
Creates global links
Provides thousands of jobs and boosts economic growth
Give two facts about changes to airport infrastructure in the UK
Aviation sector = 3.6% of UK GDP
Over 2m tonnes of freight passes through UK airports annually
What is an example of changes to airport infrastructure in the UK
Expansion of Heathrow
Will help London compete with rivals, create jobs, boost economy by £200bn
Will increase CO2 emissions and noise pollution - one village will be demolished
Assess the importance of transport improvements to the UK economy
- Most significant - road - lots of people have cars, jobs + connectivity, reduces congestion - A303
- Significant - ports - largest in Europe - Liverpool - boost NW economy, jobs
- Least significant - rail - improves links UK / Europe, additional 1.5m commuters
What is the north-south divide
A real or imagined cultural and economic difference between the south of England and the north of England
The north of England includes…
Yorkshire, the Humber, north east, north west
The south of England includes…
South east, Greater London, south west, parts of east England
What are the differences between the north and south of England
Some cities / regions wealthier than others, leads to better standard of living
People in S earn more per week, less likely unemployed, live longer
House prices + congestion higher in S
