P2 SA Rio de Janeiro ✈️ Flashcards
Where is Rio de Janeiro?
S America
SE Brazil
Close to São Paulo
Found on the Atlantic ocean
Name the 4 main landmarks of Rio
Christ the Redeemer statue
Ipanema + Copacabana beaches
Sugarloaf mountain
Guanabara bay
In what way is Rio regionally important?
Statue of Christ the redeemer (one of 7 wonders of the world)
How is Rio nationally important?
Brazil’s 2nd most important industrial city - produces 5% of country’s GDP
How is Rio internationally important?
Important international hub with 5 ports and 3 airports
North zone of Rio:
Main ___ and __ area
International airport and Maracana ____
Squatter settlements (___)
Industrial
Port
Football stadium
Favelas
Centro Zone:
Oldest part of Rio - _____ ____
CBD and shopping
____ centre
Historic buildings
Financial
South zone:
Main ____ area with Ipanema + Copacabana beaches
Luxury flats - _____ part of South America
Overlooked by ____ (largest favela in S America)
Tourist
Wealthiest
Rocinha
West Zone:
Wealthy suburb with apartments, shopping, tourist facilities
Campo Grande - ___ area with low quality housing around the steelworks
____ stadium and village
Industrial
Olympic
How and why has Rio grown?
Rio is Brazil’s ___ largest city
Brazil is in stage __ of the DTM
__% of urban growth is a result of migration
2nd
3
65%
Where are people coming from and why?
Amazon Basin, Argentina and Bolivia because…
Lack of job opportunities outside of primary industry
Where are people coming from and why?
S Korea and China because…
Seeking business opportunities
People come from Portugal because…
Common language
Social Challenges and Opportunities in Rio:
What are the social challenges?
Healthcare
Education
Water supply
Energy
In 2013 what % of Rio had a local health clinic?
Services for the ___ and ____ were very poor
There were differences in healthcare across districts of ____ ___
55%
Elderly
Pregnant women
Varying wealth
Solutions / opportunities: healthcare?
Medical staff took health kit into Santa Marta favela
Treated diseases —> infant mortality fell, life expectancy increased
Children can drop out of school at what age?
Many who leave school become involved in what?
14
Crime
Solutions / opportunities: education?
Encouraging locals to volunteer at schools
Grants to poor families
Free sports lessons in Rocinha
Private university in Rocinha
__% of Rio’s population didn’t have access to running water
__% is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
12%
37%
Solutions / opportunities: water supply?
Work to improve quality / quantity of water in favelas + Olympic park
New treatment plants built
New pipes laid
By 2014 95% of population had mains water supply
The city suffers frequent ___ due to an electricity ____
Blackouts
Shortage
Many people in the poorer parts of Rio get their electricity by…
Why is this bad?
Tapping into the main supply
This is risky and unsafe
Solutions / opportunities: energy?
New power lines
New nuclear generator
New Simplicio hydro-electric complex which will increase supply by 30%
Economic Challenges in Rio:
Unemployment
Crime
What % of people in Rio are employed in public services?
70%
Rio provides how much of Brazil’s employment?
More than 6%
All of Rio’s ___ have massively boosted the city’s ____. This development has allowed for improvements in _____ ____, services, the ___ and the favelas
Industries
Economy
Transport infrastructure
Environment
3 industries contributing to the positive multiplier effect in Rio are:
Oil + gas
Container terminal
Volta Redonda steelworks
What is the informal economy?
Money earned that is not taxed (cash in hand)
Unregulated
Eg street vendors, handicraft, labourers, drug dealers, drivers
What is the formal economy?
Money that is taxed and contributes to country’s GDP
Regulated
Eg retail, port industries, finance, tourism
Advantages of informal economy?
Provides unskilled workers with jobs
No tax paid to govt
Flexibility
Disadvantages of informal economy?
Uninsured
Poorly paid (under £60 / month)
Irregular work
Economic Challenge: Unemployment
___ recession in Brazil increased ___ in ___
2015
Contrasts
Wealth
What is the unemployment rate in favelas?
Over 20%
The richest 1% earns how much of total income?
12%
Poorest 50% only earns __% of total income
13%
Unemployment Solution: Schools of Tomorrow Programme
What does it do?
Tackles youth unemployment using education
Improves education in poor / violent areas
Practical skills-based courses
Adults can attend
Free childcare for teenage parents
Economic Challenge: Crime
___, ___ and assault are regular
Powerful ___ control ___ trafficking in many favelas
Murder
Kidnapping
Gangs
Drug
Social unrest lowers ___ __ in some areas - businesses are ___ to ___ in these areas
Economic output
Scared
Operate
Crime Solution: Pacifying Police Units
What are they and what do they do?
Reclaim favelas from criminals / dealers
Police have taken control of Complexo de Alemao and other favelas
Usually kill criminals, not arrest - civilians can be caught in crossfire
Try to rebuild communities
What are the advantages of the Pacifying Police Units?
Drug gangs pushed out of favelas
Lower crime rates
More schools built
Increased property values
What are the disadvantages of the Pacifying Police Units?
Police brutality has led to accidental civilian deaths
People have to start paying for water and electricity they used to get for free
People have to pay taxes they can’t afford
Drugs still huge issue
Environmental Challenges:
Air pollution + traffic congestion
Water pollution
Waste pollution
Environmental Challenge: Air Pollution and Traffic Congestion
Heavy congestion causes buildup of ___ __ which mix with ___ from the Atlantic and ___ from factory chimneys
Exhaust fumes
Mists
Pollutants
How many people die per year in Rio due to bad air quality?
5000
Steep mountains mean…
Roads can only be build on low lands so main routes get jammed
Number of cars in Rio has increased by…
40%
Why do people prefer to travel by car in Rio?
High crime
Solutions to Air Pollution / Traffic Congestion in Rio?
Expansion of metro system
Roads that you have to pay to use
Making coast roads one way during rush hour
Environmental Challenge: Water Pollution
Guanabara bay is highly polluted, causing threats to…
Wildlife
Tourism to Ipanema and Copacabana
How many polluted rivers flow into Guanabara Bay?
55
How many tonnes of sewage flow into the bay each day?
200
Ships empty what in the bay?
Their fuel tanks
Solutions: Water Pollution
Overseas aid has reduced amount of sewage into bay
New sewage works built
Ships fines for illegally discharging fuel
New sewage pipes in worst areas
Environmental Challenge: Waste Pollution
What is the root cause of the waste issue?
The favelas
Why is waste collection difficult in favelas?
Steep slopes with no proper roads - difficult for waste lorries to access
Solution: Waste Pollution
Power plant set up which uses methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish
Produces enough electricity for 1000 homes
Why are the favelas growing?
People have moved from Amazon and areas of drought to seek better life
Birth rate is higher in favelas
How many favelas are there?
Up to 1000
Where are the favelas?
60% in suburbs
25% in outer cities
What are the challenges of favelas?
Construction
Services
Unemployment
Crime
Health
Houses in favelas are ____ constructed, built with ___ ___
Poorly
Basic materials
___ in 1000 people are murdered in favelas
20
Average incomes in favelas are…
Under £75 / month
Some favelas are built on ___ ___ which are ___ prone
Steep slopes
Landslide
Employment in favelas is ____ paid and ____
Poorly
Irregular
What dominate many favelas?
Drug gangs
Why do people in favelas distrust police?
Violence and corruption
Infant mortality rates in favelas are…
50 in 1000
What increases the risk of disease in favelas?
Waste cannot be properly disposed
What improvements have been made to Rocinha?
90% of houses built with brick and have electricity, water and sewage
Many houses with TVs and fridges
Newspapers + radio stations
Retail facilities (shops, bars, restaurants)
Schools, health facilities, private university
Up until 1930 what did the government do about favelas?
Deny their existence - not on any maps, no basic services
In 1985 it was suggested that instead of ___ the favelas they should ___ them
Destroying
Upgrade
Improvements include rehousing people in basic ___ housing, raising ___ on the rich to pay for housing for the poor, using ____ and colours to improve look of buildings, developing ___ areas to encourage people to stay in countryside, and moving people to less crowded areas of Rio to reduce ____
Concrete
Taxes
Artwork
Rural
Overcrowding
What is the Favela Bairro project?
A site and service scheme - land and services are provided for residents to build homes
Where is the Favela Bairro Project?
Complexo de Alemao (North zone)
How many people involved in Favela Bairro?
60,000
What improvements has the Favela Bairro project made? (Name 5)
Paved roads
Access to water supply
Improved sanitation
Hillsides secured to prevent landslides
Police pacifying unit patrolling community
Cable car systems across hillside - residents given 1 free return ticket per day
What have been the successes of the Favela Bairro project?
Number of local businesses has almost doubled
Standard of living and health of residents has improved
Property values have increased by 80-120%
What have been the failures of the Favela Bairro project?
Rent and house prices rise —> poorer people are priced out of their homes
New buildings not being maintained by government
More training needed to improve literacy and employment
Residents lack skills to repair damage
What negative effects have the Olympics had on the favelas?
Favelas demolished for arena construction
1000 people lost homes for new road
Some of new housing lacks community, has no shops or anywhere for children to play
What positive effects have the Olympics had on the favelas?
Some people relocated to better housing
Favelas near Olympic park redeveloped
Employment building Olympic facilities
