P2: Global resource consumption and security Flashcards
1
Q
4 approaches to poverty reduction
A
- Providing direct assistance (e.g. cash transfers, food aid)
- Creating job opportunities
- Improving access to education and healthcare
- Promoting economic growth and development
2
Q
3 systematic issues poverty addresses
A
- social exclusion
- discrimination
- inequality
3
Q
3 stakeholders that can act on poverty reduction
A
- Governments
- Civil society organisations
- private sector
4
Q
Share of population living in extreme poverty
A
1 in 10 people experience extreme poverty
5
Q
3 reasons poverty has been reduced (income and class)
A
- increased incomes
- development of new global middle class (2.5 billion people)
- development of fragile middle class (4 billion people)
6
Q
4 reasons poverty has been reduced (globalisation and development)
A
- The rapid development of countries in Asia
- Globalisation and trade
- Increased participation of China, India and Eastern Europe in the global economy
- Reduced colonial and neo-colonial influence in some countries
7
Q
3 factors driving growth of middle class
A
- Economic growth
- urbanisation
- technological advances
8
Q
Which two countries make up most of middle class
A
- India
- China
9
Q
3 sectors that rise in global middle class affects
A
- consumer behaviour
- global trade and investments
- social and political dynamics
10
Q
3 challenges associated with growth of global middle class and why
A
- Environmental degradation: increased consumption and waste lead to more pressure on the environment
- Resource depletion: increased consumption means more resources are used.
- Rising inequality: within and between countries
11
Q
estimate of world’s carrying capacity
A
8 to16 billion people
12
Q
4 A03 on ecological footprint
A
- Environmental footprints don’t give the full environmental impacts of a product and don’t account for swaps to more environmentally friendly options
- Ecological footprint calculations are based on simple principles, which means they can be difficult to apply to complex situations
- Different methods of calculating ecological footprints produce different results and are dependent on assumptions and data used
- Predicting future consumption trends and impacts can be challenging, making long-term footprint calculations less reliable
13
Q
Where is earth’s water stored?
A
- Saline: 97.5%
- Freshwater: 2.5%
Of which: - Cryosphere water as ice: 68.6%
- Groundwater: 30.1%
Leaving: - 0.9% accessible for humans
14
Q
4 physical factors affecting global water distribution
A
- geology, impacting aquifer formation
- climatic differences affecting precipitation and evaporation rates
- altitude and latitude determining ice and glaciers
- soil type determining groundwater store
15
Q
4 human factors affecting global water distribution
A
- level of economic development
- rate of abstraction
- population size
- affordability
16
Q
3 reasons for demand for safe water
A
- Economic development
- Population growth
- Increased use of renewable energy
17
Q
4 reasons why HICs have highest consumption
A
- Modern appliances
- Swimming pools
- Internal bathrooms
- Production of food/manufactured goods
18
Q
3 ways freshwater is used in agriculture
A
- food production
- raising livestock
- crop irrigation
19
Q
3 ways freshwater is used in industry
A
- dilution
- steam generation
- washing and cooling of manufacturing equipment and goods
20
Q
3 ways freshwater is used in domestics
A
- cooking
- cleaning
- washing
21
Q
5 reasons for future water demand
A
- population growth
- growth of middle class because increased affluence
- growth in tourism and leisure
- Growth in urbanisation
- climate change leading to increased droughts
22
Q
4 consequences of increased consumption of meat
A
- increased demand for animal feed
- increase pressure on water supplies
- increase methane production
- increased deforestation for grazing
23
Q
2 reasons for increase in energy consumption
A
- growth of population
- growth of middle class- less people using wood for heating and cooking
24
Q
Difference between water stress and water scarcity
A
- water stress is when supply of water is below 1700m3 a year per person
- Water scarcity is when the supply is below 1000m3 a year per person
25
What does the water-food-energy nexus allow
for links and interactions between the three factors to be understood to sustainably manage resources
26
How do food and water link?
- Pollution form fertilisers and pesticides impacts water supplies
- Large quantities of water used in food production
27
How do water and energy link?
- Energy production uses lots of water- for examples in cooling
- the production of energy, e.g through dam construction, can impact water systems
28
How do food and energy link?
- Pollution from energy production impacts food production (eg oil spills impact fish stocks)
- use of land to grow biofuels reduces land for farming
29
3 challenges for nexus concept
1. stakeholders have to cooperate internationally to manage resources
2. participation of stakeholders is not equal, governments and TNCs have more power than local communities
3. balance between food, energy and water security is not always achieved when the main focus of projects is on one particular issue
30
5 climate changes that affect water availability
1. unpredictable rainfall
2. Floods
3. Droughts
4. Rising sea level
5. Melting ice sheets/glaciers
31
What decreases water quality
- higher temperatures
- droughts
- floods
32
What degrades soil and leads to desertification
more floods
33
How does soil degradation and desertification impact food production
- less water for irrigation
- less trees and vegetation so less biomass for energy production
34
How do increased floods impact crop yields
- decline water quality
- degrade soil
- cause desertification
35
How do increased temperatures impact fish stocks
- affect fish breeding patterns
- affect fish populations
- increase algae growth which contaminates seafood
36
climate change effect on renewable energy supply
1. changing weather patterns
2. reduced cloud cover leading to increased solar power
3. change of wind patterns affecting wind energy
37
climate change impact on biofuels
1. Reduced precipitation
2. More water scarcity to reduce water availability for irrigation
38
climate change impact on hydropower energy
1. water stored in glaciers is reduced so snowmelt results in lower discharge
2. less energy generated by hydropower
39
climate change impact on gas and oil reserves
1. sea ice melts
2. Fossil fuels become more available
3. Cost to extract fossil fuels is reduced
40
3 reasons volume of organic waste varies
- cultural practices
- dietary habits
- seasonal factors
41
3 reasons why composition of organic waste may change over time
- shifts in food preferences
- increase consumption of processed foods
- advancements in waste management technology that promote composting
42
2 reasons that paper and cardboard waste fluctuates
- digitalisation trends- on phones rather than newspaper
- recycling promotion to reduce paper consumption
43
3 reasons for variation in composition and management of plastic waste
- Changes in consumer behaviour
- Government regulations
- Recycling initiatives
44
3 reasons for varying volumes of glass and metal waste
- beverage consumption patterns
- recycling rates
- availability of alternative packaging materials
45
3 reasons for varying volumes of e-waste
- introduction of new devices
- upgrades of technology
- speed at which older tech becomes obsolete
46
3 advantages of landfills
- Provides centralised waste management
- accommodate wide range of waste types
- low cost
47
3 disadvantages of landfills
- generate methane (GHG)
- risk of groundwater/soil contamination
- long term management required after closure
48
3 advantages of incineration
- reduces volume of waste so less space required
- reduce reliance on landfills
- can produce energy through waste product (combustion)
49
3 disadvantages of incineration
- high cost
- release air pollutants (GHGs and toxic gases)
- can release hazardous substances
50
3 advantages of recycling
- conserve natural resources
- reduces amount of waste to sent to landfills
- saves energy and reduces GHG emissions
51
3 disadvantages of recycling
- needs to be sorted
- recycled materials can be contaminated which makes that batch redundant
- not every material is recyclable
52
3 advantages of reusing
- reduces need for new products
- saves energy and resources needed for manufacturing
- cost-effective and money saving
53
3 disadvantages of reusing
- not all items can be reused, especially if bad quality
- requires change in consumer behaviour
- limited market for used items in many places
54
3 advantages of composting
- Diverts organic waste from landfills, reducing methane emissions
- Produces compost for soil enrichment
- reduces need for chemical fertilisers
55
3 disadvantages of composting
- requires space and proper management
- can take a long time for organic waste to decompose
- odour and pest issues
56
Explain Malthusian theory- pessimistic view on resource consumption
- population growth is increasing faster than food supply
- at some point there will not be enough food to sustain the population
- there will be a catastrophe such as famine, disease or war
57
Explain Boserup theory- optimistic viewpoint on resource consumption
- population growth will stimulate developments in technology to increase food production
-more efficient resources will be used and renewable resources will replace non-renewables
58
4 factors that determine earth's carrying capacity
- size of population
- level of resource
- technological innovation
- level of wealth
59
2 reasons that wealthier countries have larger carrying capacities than poorer countries
- they export waste to poorer countries
- they import products from poorer countries
60
What are the four global commons identified by international law
- Atmosphere
- Outer space
- International waters that don't belong to a country
- Antarctica
61
What are the three principles that the circular economy is based on?
- Ending waste and pollution
-Reusing products and materials
- Regeneration of nature
62
6 challenges that the SDGs set out to combat
- Poverty
- Hunger
- Disease
- Illiteracy
- Discrimination against women
- Environmental degradation
