P2: Changing population Flashcards
1
Q
2 factors affecting fertility rates
A
- Economic factor- In LICs children are viewed as economic assets but in HIC they are costs
- Political factor- governments implement policies to attempt to change rate of population growth
2
Q
2 physical factors affecting global distribution
A
- Climate and weather- because a temperate climate with stable weather will be more attractive for settlements.
- Relief- steep slopes and mountainous areas with poor quality soil will be hard to live in so population density is low
3
Q
2 human factors affecting population distribution
A
- Economic development- area with higher levels of income attract more people and offer better living standards.
- Political stability- area with less conflict and violence is more peaceful, encouraging migration
4
Q
Anomalies: HICs in southern hemisphere
A
Chile, Australia, Uruguay and New Zealand
5
Q
Anomaly: LIC in northern hemisphere
A
Haiti
6
Q
BRICS countries
A
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
7
Q
A03 on classification of economic development
A
- Do not account for varying levels of development at local and national scale
- There are many differences between areas of the same city, country and between countries.
8
Q
Why is development so hard to measure
A
covers so many features across social, economic and political sectors
9
Q
Social indicators of development
A
- Quality of life and social well-being
- Equal opportunities, access to services such as education and healthcare
- Life expectancy, birth control, education
- Diversity, traditions and heritage
10
Q
Economic indicators of development
A
- Employment, income and general wealth
- Savings, house building, house sales, consumer spending, International trade
- Resources, pollution controls and conservation
11
Q
Political indicators of economic development
A
- Effective governance, stability and integrity of governing bodies
- Ease of trade, property rights, human rights, equality, and income guides
- Corruption index
12
Q
Weakness of GDP as an indicator
A
No way of knowing what GDP is spent on. EG: GDP increases after an earthquake due to the rebuilding however this doesn’t mean that the country is more developed or that everyone’s quality of life has improved.
13
Q
Weakness/strength of GDP per capita
A
- An average so any variation in wealth is hidden.
- Dividing it by population means that more meaningful comparisons can be made between countries.
14
Q
What does human development index (HDI) show (different to definition)
A
Disparities between countries in terms of social and economic development
15
Q
2 Strengths of DTM
A
- Can be applied to different settings
- Can help demographers plan for predicted future changes
16
Q
Limitations of DTM
A
- Developed in 1929 so model assumes all countries will follow same pathway through stages.
- Fails to account for migration, pandemics, wars etc or government policies like China’s one child policy
- Too euro-centric- was based on data from England, Wales and Sweden only
17
Q
2 factors that lead to reduced fertility rate
A
- Improved women’s rights
- Improved access to education, especially for women
18
Q
2 reasons why women live longer
A
- Men are more likely to be involved in conflict and take bigger risks with their lives
- Men more vulnerable to cardiovascular disease or stroke through self-destructive lifestyles like drinking and smoking
19
Q
What does a population pyramid show
A
The distribution of a given population grouped by age and gender
20
Q
2 effects of migration on destination
A
- Increased pressure on services like healthcare
- A shortage of housing
21
Q
Age category of young dependents
A
0-14 years
22
Q
Age category of economically active
A
15-64
23
Q
Age category of elderly
A
65 onwards
24
Q
2 limits of dependency ratio
A
- Assumes that people under 15 years and over 65 years are outside the labour force (eg UK retirement age is 67)
- Assumes everyone aged 15-64 is working (eg in UK, don’t leave school until 18)
25
2 positive consequences of megacity growth
1. Better employment opportunities
2. increased services and infrastructure
26
Two negative consequences of megacity growth
1. expensive/inadequate housing
2. Congestion and pollution
27
2 economic consequences of megacity growth
1. encourages population growth which leads to the desirability of goods and services
2. Megacity acts as service centre within formal economic centre
28
4 causes of forced migration
1. Disaster
2. Development
3. Conflict
4. Political
29
2 demographic consequences of forced migration
1. The numbers and distribution of people within a region are changed
2. Intermarriages are created, leading to a new group of people
30
2 social consequences of forced migration
1. Migration brings different people together leading to conflicts
2. Migration however also creates understanding between different groups of people
31
2 economic consequences of forced migration
1. This depends on the "quality" of the migrants and the economic needs of the origin and destination, (quality refers to skills, age, educational attainment, health etc)
2. In underpopulated areas, emigration may slow down development
32
2 environmental consequences of forced migration
1. Increased pressure on food and services on the host country
2. Environmental degradation in the host and origin country
33
2 disadvantages of forced migration
1. Large numbers of forced migrants place enormous strain on infrastructure, public services and government money
2. Rise in informal employment
34
2 positives of forced migration
1. Migrants will send remittances back to families at home
2. Host countries are enriched by cultural diversity
35
4 factors influencing household size
Access to healthcare, and contraception
1. An increase in women's education and participation in the workforce
2. Increased life expectancy of children, reducing the need to have more children
3. Urbanisation and lack of space for large families
4. Government policy restricting or encouraging family size
36
4 factors affecting sex ratios
1. Biological- more men tend to be born but also have higher mortality rates
2. Cultural- preference for male offspring
3. Technological- selective gender choices
4. Economic- dowries to a grooms family is a son is born
37
2 reasons for differences in mortality rates
1. Women live longer than men
2. Genetically, men are more susceptible to higher mortality rates.
38
2 problems with imbalanced sex ratio
1. Countries which lack males or females, have difficulty maintaining a birth rate which matches or exceeds its death rate which creates a declining population with fewer male workers entering the workforce leading to a stagnant or shrinking economy and reduced GDP.
2. Unbalanced sex ratio affects crime rates
39
2 Issues with sex ratio as an indicator
1. Sex ratio varies with age and demographic group and this is not shown in the final ratio
2. The ratio may or may not include children or non-permanent residents such as students and temporary workers
40
2 Reasons for an ageing population
1. Globally, mortality and fertility rates have steadily decreased over the last 50 years.
2. Immigrants from countries with traditionally high family numbers usually start to decrease number of children with each generation as they integrate with their adopted country
41
2 negative impacts of an ageing population
1. Increased costs on residential accommodation and social services like health care as elderly people often require more assistance
2. Increase dependency ratio as there is a smaller working population which reduces productivity of a country's economy
42
2 positive impacts of an ageing society
1. Lower costs on policing as crime rates are usually reduced
2. Elderly relatives can act as childcare within families so both parents can work and earn money
43
Why are pro-natalist policies adopted?
To help when a country is suffering from a declining and ageing population
44
Why are anti-natalist policies adopted?
To reduce pressure on resources and improve quality of life for the whole population. (reduce birth rate)
45
When does demographic dividend occur?
Occurs when the share of the working-age population (15-64) is larger than the non-working-age population (younger than 14 and older than 65)
46
4 benefits of demographic dividend
1. increase in the workforce and women are more likely to have a job
2. As economy grows, wages rise and personal savings grow. There is more disposable income to purchase goods and services further contributing to the economy
3. A decrease in fertility rates results in healthier women, less economic domestic pressures and parents can invest more per child
4. GDP per capita will increase as the dependency ratio declines, fuelling investment in infrastructure and social services
47
4 things that size of benefit from demographic dividend depends on
1. Rate of fertility decline
2. Rate of population growth
3. Ability to employ the growing workforce
4. Political, economic and social policies in place
48
2 case studies for uneven population distribution
China and South Africa
49
2 case studies for internal migration
China and South Africa
50
2 small case studies for changing population structure
Japan and Mexico
51
Case study for megacity growth
Mumbai
52
2 case studies for forced migration
Syria and Nigeria
53
Case study for ageing popualtion
Japan
54
Case study for pro-natalist policies
Russia
55
Case study for anti-natalist policies
China
56
Case study for demographic dividend
South Korea
