P1: Food and health Flashcards
1
Q
4 aspects of food security
A
- Food availability
- Food access
- use of the food
- stability (consistency of 3 other aspects over time)
2
Q
6 factors impacting food security
A
- weather
- war
- issues with crop growth
- poverty
- changing population rates
- changing diets
3
Q
Four categories of indicators of global food security index
A
- affordability
- availability
- quality and safety
- sustainability and adaptation
4
Q
6 ways affordability in global food security index measured
A
- Household expenditure in %
- Population below the Global Poverty Line in %
- GDP per capita
- Import tariffs
- Existence of food safety-net programmes
- Financing for farmers
5
Q
6 ways availability in global food security index measured
A
- Sufficiency
- Money spent on the agriculture industry (research and infrastructure)
- Unpredictability and disruption
- Political stability e.g. corruption
- Loss of food
- Urban carrying capacity
6
Q
5 ways quality and safety in global food security index measured
A
- Diet diversification
- Protein quality
- Food safety
- Standards of nutrition
- Availability of micronutrients
7
Q
4 ways sustainability and adaptation in global food security index measured
A
- Exposure to climate change
- Impacts of climate change
- Natural resource risks
- Risk adaptation
8
Q
3 categories of global hunger index
A
- Inadequate food supply
- Child mortality
- Child undernutrition
9
Q
4 indicators of global hunger index
A
- undernourishment
- under-5 mortality
- child stunting
- child undernutrition
10
Q
2 ways people in HICs experience malnutrition
A
- Being in poverty/under the poverty line
- Eating enough calories but not getting the correct/enough nutrients
11
Q
2 advantages of global food security index
A
- Has lots of components, taking into account different factors
- Sustainability and adaptation were added later, reflecting the effects of climate change on food security
12
Q
2 disadvantages of global food security index
A
- Measurements may be inaccurate
- Needs to take into account other factors, like cost of living, currency differences and inflation
13
Q
2 advantages of global hunger index
A
- Lots of components, taking into account different factors
- Measures whether Sustainable Development Goals are being met
14
Q
3 disadvantages of global hunger index
A
- Some countries have no data e.g. malnutrition rates in Higher Income Countries may not cause high mortality rates
- Some countries’ data is provisional, due to a lack of information
- Focuses mainly on children, yet the overall index figure assumes the entire population
15
Q
3 advantages of calories per person/capita
A
- Simplistic measurement of general nutrition levels
- Quantitative measurement
- Helps to show the level of development and food production efficiency
16
Q
3 disadvantages of calories per person/capita
A
- Isn’t enough on its own. Other indicators help to provide a bigger picture
- Ignores regional variations, demographic groups and yearly fluctuations
- Doesn’t include nutrients, just energy
17
Q
2 advantages of indicators of malnutrition
A
- Useful for showing the effects of malnutrition
- Includes deficiency and excess
18
Q
1 disadvantage of indicators of malnutrition
A
- Doesn’t look at the causes or other socio-political factors
19
Q
5 sections of nutrition transition and 2 features of each
A
1: Hunter Gatherer = Palaeolithic man and traditional early lifestyle
2: Early Agriculture= Early monoculture and famine begins
3: End of famine= Period of industrialisation and wealth increases and nutrition gradually improves
4: Overconsumption= Noncommunicable or chronic diseases and wealth increases
5: Behaviour change= Societal change and development
20
Q
What 2 factors would cause obesity to be unexpectedly higher in countries in Africa
A
- Caused by dietary change from traditional to more Westernised choices
- A result of increasing urbanisation, reduced activity and improvements in transport
21
Q
4 strengths of HALE as health indicator
A
- Better than life expectancy, which measures all years in equal health
- Good for showing the health of the population, rather than just how long they live for
- Highlights specific groups e.g. gender and race have categories
- Regular updates of figures
22
Q
3 disadvantages of HALE as health indicator
A
- It is very complicated
- It doesn’t measure the disability of a person. The DALY indicator helps to support this
- Some data is unreliable
23
Q
2 strengths of infant mortality as health indicator
A
- It helps to indicate levels of development, e.g. female education, sanitation and maternal healthcare
- Useful for guiding policymakers on development
24
Q
5 disadvantages of infant mortality as health indicator
A
- Only shows below the age of one
- Doesn’t show how many deaths have occurred
- Only shows live births; it doesn’t include children who died during birth
- It doesn’t show variations within a country
- May not indicate socio-economic issues, but political issues instead, e.g. China’s One Child Policy
25
1 Advantage of maternal mortality as health indicator
Shows level of development, e.g. maternal healthcare, education for mothers
26
3 disadvantages of maternal mortality as health indicator
- Higher figures in LICs may be due to higher birth rates
- It is difficult to measure as healthcare systems may be less advanced
- Even in developed countries, some are poorly categorised or not reported
27
2 advantages of access to sanitation as health indicator
- Shows the disease prevalence in water
- Indicates the level of development a country may have, which can influence policy-making
28
3 disadvantages of access to sanitation as health indicator
- May not show variations within a country
- Does not indicate education levels; water may be safe but knowledge about hygiene is poor
- Rapidly developing figures, as development improves, may need constant updates
29
2 advantages of doctor/patient ratio as health indicator
- Gives information about the state of healthcare (people and infrastructure)
- Supports other indicators, e.g. a higher doctor-patient ratio will result in lower infant mortality and general death rates
30
What happens to (non)communicable diseases as development increases
- communicable (infectious) disease rates will go down
- noncommunicable (non-infectious) disease rates will increase
31
What happens when noncommunicable/communicable intersect on epidemiologic transition model
- there is a dual burden of disease
- Both types of diseases exist
- usually affects LICs and NEEs
32
what does disease continuum look at
- diseases of poverty
- diseases of affluence
33
5 Examples of diseases of poverty
(parasites & deficiency diseases)
- HIV/AIDS
- Malaria
- Kwashiorkor
- tuberculosis
- Cholera (waterborne)
34
6 Examples of diseases of affluence
- heart disease
- type 2 diabetes
- obesity
- allergies/asthmas
- dementia
- mental health diseases (stress/depression)
35
What is used to measure disease burden
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYS)
36
4-step process where ageing population results in disease burden
1. Older population increases number of (age-related) degenerative diseases like dementia, arthritis, heart conditions and diabetes
2. This puts a strain on healthcare systems
3. There will be a greater demand for workers and infrastructure
4. More resources go towards this sector of healthcare, leaving other sectors behind
5. This produces a disease burden as a result of ageing populations
37
3 human inputs in food system
- labour
- money
- technology
38
4 physical inputs in food system
- Land
- Soil
- Seeds
- Water
39
Transfers/processes in food system (With livestock & by humans)
- Weeding, ploughing, sowing, milking, rearing, shearing
- decision making by states/farmers and change in land use
40
5 positive outputs from food system
- Crops
- Milk
- Eggs
- Animal fodder
- profits/wealth
41
3 negative outputs of food system
- Waste
- Pollution (air, water, land)
- soil erosion
42
What leads to positive feedback in food system
- imbalanced equilibrium in system (because of stagnation/decline)
- natural disaster event
43
What helps lead to negative feedback in food system
- return to equilibrium
- increased investment
- increased innovation
44
5 features of intensive food system
- Capital intensive - high capital and low labour inputs
- Labour intensive - low capital and high labour inputs
- Profit oriented
- Land is relatively small
- Output is high
45
6 features of extensive food system
- Small labour and capital inputs
- Rely on natural characteristics e.g. rainfall and soil quality
- The land is larger
- Fewer agricultural technologies
- Output is low
- Subsistence oriented
46
advantage of systems approach in food production
- allow for comparison of energy efficiency and the water footprint of different systems
47
What is arable farming and 2 examples
- Crop growth
- barley
- wheat
48
What is pastoral farming and 1 example
- rearing of animals/livestock
- ranching
49
What is mixed farming
- growing crops and rearing animals at same time
50
What is commercial farming and 2 examples
- profit-oriented produce is sold on markets
- coffee
- cotton
51
What is subsistence farming
- Growing crops/rearing livestock purely for the farmer and family
52
What is sedentary farming and 2 examples
- Use of the same land each year
- maize
- sugarcane
53
What is nomadic farming
- herding of livestock to find new grazing pastures
- i.e moving from one place to another
54
4 direct inputs to food production system related to energy
- fuel
- labour
- machinery
- planting
55
4 indirect inputs to food production system related to energy effciency
- irrigation
- electricity
- fertilisers
- pesticides
56
2 ways climate affects energy efficiency of food production system
- Warmer climates are more efficient as crops will need fewer energy resources (they can use the sun)
- Wetter climates are more efficient as they need less irrigation
57
1 way soil type affects energy efficiency of food production system
- some soils aren't fertile and require more fertilisers
- so less efficient
58
1 way crop type affects energy efficiency of food production system
- certain crop types need more energy
59
1 way topography affects energy efficiency of food production system
- flatter topographies use less energy as there is lower water/nutrient runoff
60
1 way farming type affects energy efficiency of food production system
- different farming types have different energy efficiencies
61
1 way use of technology affects energy efficiency of food production system
- greenhouses use more energy than cultivating open land
62
1 disadvantage of looking at energy efficiency ratio
- ignores energy use in other areas of production (packaging, processing, distribution, preparation)
63
3 categories of water
- Green
- Blue
- Grey
64
What is green water
water from rainfall that is evaporated, transpired or stored in the soil or used by crops
65
What is blue water
water from surface/groundwater sources that evaporates, is used for a product or is returned to another source e.g. for irrigation
66
What is grey water
sources of water pollution into freshwater through pipes or from indirect leaching/runoff
67
3 factors affecting water footprint and how
- Climate: wetter climate needs less irrigation
- Topography: Fewer pollutants from runoff on flatter land
- Type of food production system: meat production requires more water than vegetable growth, pastoral farming has higher water footprint than arable farming, certain crops need more fertiliser
68
3 negative environmental impacts of food production
- pollution of land and water with agrochemicals
- greenhouse gas emissions from farming
- Damage to ecosystems/habitats from deforestation and wetland clearing
69
Is implementation of agricultural policies 'sustainable'?
- support farmers to adopt environmentally techniques
- these policies focus on protecting diversity
- however, usually ignore pollution, soil degradation and lower yields
- therefore whole system not taken into account
70
2 things that has allowed food production to increase
- increasing land availability by deforestation and converting brownfield sites
- increasing productivity by mechanisation, GMOs, agrochemicals, irrigation
71
3 reasons food can become inaccessible in LICs
- Can't afford the food
- Lack of infrastructure to transport food to an area
- Farmers in LICs might not be able to afford fertilisers or technologies
72
4 ways conflict can hinder food consumption
- People may flee a war-torn area, leading to a lack of food access
- Warfare can damage crops and kill livestock
- Food may be weaponised, and food supplies taken away
- Food prices globally may rise, meaning food becomes unaffordable (not just in LICs, but in HICs too)
73
What is food entitlement deficit (FED)
- when political corruption or instability in countries limits food aid from reaching those who need it most which impact people’s accessibility to food
74
How does trade cause food insecurity in LICs
- LIC exports more food than they keep
- LIC relies on export earning
- LIC has less money to import food
- results in imbalance in food production in LIC
- HIC can afford to import the foods resulting in large discrepancy
75
What does global Fair Trade movement do
- protects farmers in LICS by providing them with a reliable income to afford food
76
3 things that cause water stress
- low rainfall
- pollution caused by flooding
- high population density
77
What is food availability deficit (FAD)
- when food shortage is caused by things like climate change which causes flooding, droughts and storms
- this then reduces crop yields, kills livestock and affects global food trade
78
main consequences of climate change for food production
- flooding/droughts/storms
- increased carbon dioxide (reduces nutritional density of crops)
- rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification
- rising sea levels (threatens coastal agricultural land)
- increased abundance of pests and diseases
79
What is distance decay
- higher diffusion rates occur closest to the point of origin
- Lower rates occur further away
80
what does bell curve show
the 5 stages of different groups adopting new innovation
81
5 examples of agricultural innovation
- Genetically Modified Crops
- Dam construction
- Precision agriculture
- Vertical farming
- Farm automation
82
3 types of agricultural innovation diffusion
- Adoption/acquisition
- Expansion
- Relocation
83
What is adoption/acquisition in agricultural innovation diffusion
- becoming aware of an innovation
- creating or following a new agricultural innovation
84
What is expansion in agricultural innovation diffusion
- innovation gets stronger at the origin whilst also spreading to new places
85
What is relocation in agricultural innovation diffusion
- Innovation moves away from the origin, reducing or eventually vanishing
- Maybe a result of migration
- Caused by transport networks (network diffusion)
86
How does diffusion of agricultural innovation lead to development of agriculture
- improves food security
- increase/maintain resource sustainability
- increase economic development
87
2 physical barriers to rate of agricultural innovation diffusion
- land suitability
- remoteness
88
3 economic barriers to agricultural innovation diffusion
- labour
- development
- demand
89
3 political barriers to agricultural innovation diffusion
- credibility/reliability
- tradition vs innovation
- policy making
90
What are the 5 types of disease diffusion
- Expansion
- Relocation
- Network
- Contagious
- Hierarchal
91
Explain expansion (disease diffusion) with example
- The spreading of disease from place to place
- Disease spread is intense in the origin
- It becomes less severe in regions further away
- Eg: the H1N1 flu, originating in Mexico
92
Explain relocation (disease diffusion) with example
- Spreading of disease, leaving fewer cases at the origin
- Eg: disease carriers like HIV
- Eg; In 2010, Nepalese aid workers entered Haiti after the earthquake, resulting in a large cholera outbreak
93
Explain network (disease diffusion) with example
- Diseases spread through transport networks and social networks
- Globalisation increases transport routes around the world
- Eg: COVID-19 spread rapidly through transport routes (late lockdowns and border closures)
- Eg: HIV spread through social networks (sexually transmitted)
94
Explain contagious (disease diffusion)
- Spread through direct contact
- Distance decay is prominent here as those closest to the source of the disease will be more likely to contract it than those further away
95
Explain hierarchal (disease diffusion)
- Disease transmission through an order of different places or people
- Urban areas to rural areas
- Higher to lower-income groups
96
3 physical factors for the rate of disease diffusion
- distance decay
- remoteness
- climate
97
1 economic factor for the rate of disease diffusion
- Development
98
3 political factors for the rate of disease diffusion
- borders
- migration
- disease management
99
3 examples of vector borne diseases and 2 vectors of them
- dengue fever
- malaria
- Lyme disease
- mosquitos
- tics
100
4 examples of water borne diseases
- Cholera
- Typhoid
- Diarrhoea
- Dysentery
101
Explain why 4 different physical factors increase rate of disease diffusion
- Warmer climate- mosquitos thrive in it
- Heavy rainfall- leaves behind stagnant water which vectors like mosquitos thrive in
- Natural disasters- more dirty water that can contaminate drinking sources
- high biodiversity- climate change will decrease biodiversity which increases disease spread
102
Explain why 3 different economic/political factors increase rate of disease diffusion
- less developed- poor sanitation/hygiene so more risk of water borne disease, less education about hygiene and disease spread, poorer quality healthcare and less vaccines eg
- war/conflict- destroys healthcare facilities, damages sewage pipelines so contaminates water, debris contamination in stagnant water
- Industry development- logging increases temp in a rainforest, heavy rainfall on logged areas increases flooding, water collects in mining pits, irrigation channels and rice paddy fields so vectors breed more, agriculture like livestock can provide food for vectors
103
Explain why 3 different social factors increase rate of disease diffusion
- migrants- may move to an area with high immunity and contract a vector borne disease
- urbanisation- increased unregulated development in area and vectors thrive here
- globalisation has meant new non-indigenous vectors can move around the world
104
5 demographics that vector/water borne diseases impact
- children
- pregnant women
- immunocompromised people
- travellers/migrants who haven't been exposed to the disease yet
- lower income groups because live in warmer countries and often have poor sanitation/unsafe water
105
4 socio-economic impacts of vector/water borne diseases in LICs
- people in LIC may have to travel far to get to water source so they can't always work, which impacts the economy. They may also physically suffer from strenuous activity
- having to implement disease prevention programmes can be costly, e.g bug nets or repellent. An additional cost for already poor countries
- education rate reduced if children can't attend school (getting water or ill)
- tourism industry reduced
106
4 provisions of international organisations
- policies for food production
- fund food production
- education
- research
107
3 key organisations for food security
- world food programme (WFP)
- Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO)
- World Health Organisation
108
3 examples of NGO's vs food insecurity/disease
- The Trussel Trust
- NothingButNets (United to beat Malaria)
- MSF (Medecins Sans Frontiers/Doctors without borders)
109
TNC
- Transnational corporation
- operate in 2 or more countries
110
Agribusiness
- the different stages of commercial agriculture controlled by a TNC
111
5 features of agribusiness operation
- Expand (purchase smaller holdings)
- Deforestation to increase size of land cultivating
- Monoculture
- Heavy pesticide/fertiliser use
- use technology and high yield seed varieties
112
What do agribusinesses do? (2 things)
- lower consumer costs as large scale production is cheaper
- increase food security through exports
113
What do TNCs do? (3 things)
- control where food is sold
- bring in more western foods
- control food market because farmers grow what TNCs require
114
In what ways does media influence food consumption? (3 ways)
- advertising online usually of highly processed foods increases their consumption
- younger children more impacted and eat unhealthier which affects obesity rates
- can completely change attitude toward a food (eg Avocado)
115
3 reasons women are more at risk to food insecurity
- division of labour
- decision making
- resource access
116
3 things that would happen is there was gender equality in food production
- food security
- reduced poverty and growth in economy
- support shift to sustainable agriculture
117
What is division of labour (between men/women) in food production?
- men do large-scale commercial agriculture (ploughing and food transport)
- women do subsistence agriculture (weeding, livestock care, marketing and food prep)
- women miss out on economic growth opportunities which decreases overall economic productivity
- education could help solve
118
What is decision making inequality between men/women in food production
- men decide type of crops, distribution, finances etc
- female income is improved if they are able to partake in decision making
- women might come up with more efficient solutions
119
What is resource access inequality between men/women in food production
- women have less access to large-scale agriculture, credit, funding and land tenure
- harder for women to find or afford tools and technology
- land is generally passed down to men generationally
- some govs may limit women's access to resources
- women may have to use their time for collecting water or caring for family
120
Example of project working to support women in agriculture
- PepsiCo and CARE in Uganda
- Providing education and technology to female farmers to help grow sustainable crops
- ‘Closing the Crop Gap’ is an awareness campaign, where women speak their experiences to the world
121
5 ways gender inequality affects female health
- more gynaecological issues because they are taboo topic and male doctors may not be allowed to touch women in some societies
- more danger during pregnancy- general reduced access to healthcare impact infant/maternal mortality
- women more likely to be poor which often limits their access to healthcare further
- women have less autonomy in their relationships- abuse or accidental pregnancy or STD
- women may lack access to health education and may not have autonomy over their bodies or understand decisions
122
4 reasons men have lower life expectancy than women
- Men may eat more unhealthy foods or may be more likely to drink more alcohol and smoke
- More likely to be involved in violent or dangerous activities
- May have multiple sexual partners, increasing their risk of sexually transmitted diseases
- stereotype of 'manning up' pushing men away from finding help or healthcare
123
3 risks to non-binary people
- higher rates of mental illness like depression or anxiety
- higher rates of mistreatment in healthcare
- more vulnerable to violence
124
6 factors affecting severity of famine
- governance
- media
- aid availability
- population
- poverty
- physical characteristics
125
3 ways governance affects severity of famine
- development of food entitlement deficit because government doesn't prioritise food supply
- conflict and corruption because people are displaces, govs may misuse aid, food can be weaponised, crops/livestock damaged
- how government deals with the famine
126
3 ways media can affect severity of famine (2 positive, one negative)
- media campaigns raise awareness (e.g on news with emotionally damaging images making people donate money) also long term rise of social media
- celebrities fundraise for famines - e.g Live Aid concerts
- Lots of media barrages may cause compassion fatigue though and also root causes of famine may be overlooked which manipulates viewpoint
127
How does aid availability affect severity of famine
- uneven power complex where some countries become over reliant on aid which hinders future development
- food aid allows food supplies to naturally increase in a country
- food aid can be mishandled which leads it to stop
128
3 ways population affects severity of famine
- population growth in an area that is already at risk of food shortages, increases risk of famine
- more land needed for housing instead of food production
- could stimulate technological developments (Boserup theory)
129
4 ways poverty affects severity of famine
- severity of famine is worsened
- farmers rely on traditional, laborious farming methods that may not be effective
- countries may be exporting more of their food whilst not being able to import it
- poor quality transport infrastructure to distribute food
130
3 ways physical characteristics affect severity of famine
- climate because warmer climate increases change of drought which decreases crop yield which could contribute to famine
- land use because if less land is available for food growth, famine can be exacerbated
- natural disaster because can damage crops and cause severe famine
131
4 economic/agricultural possible solutions to food insecurity
- investment into agriculture
- microfinance loans
- ensure land is used to grow food crops for humans instead of for biofuels/animal feed
- adopt commercial farming instead of subsistence to improve incomes
132
6 political possible solutions to food insecurity
- sending of food aid to alleviate governments during famine
- free trade to make it easier to import/export food and remove import tariffs
- fair trade to provide stable incomes for farmers and promote fair pay an self-sufficiency
- land reform by giving autonomy and ownership of land to farmers as they are more likely to invest in land that is theirs
- ending warfare because conflict causes/contributes to famine often
- implement gov policies that tackle food insecurity
133
6 technological possible solutions to food insecurity
- the green revolution
- the new green revolution
- mechanisation of agriculture (tractors and storage)
- move to contemporary food production (GMO, vertical farming, hydroponics etc)
- sustainable agriculture
- appropriate technology for HIC vs LIC
134
5 social/cultural possible solutions to food insecurity
- educate women and give them more rights to improve productivity
- reduce food waste (encourage donations and educate people about expiry dates etc)
- educate about meal prep and cooking with leftovers
- improve transport/storage infrastructure to reduce spoilage waste
- initiatives/programmes to reduce food waste
135
How does GMO work and 3 examples of GMO foods
- adjust DNA of an organism to create new variation of plants and animals
- You could:
- Increasing the nutrition density of a crop
- Disease resistance
- Pest resistance
- Growth hormones
- Increasing shelf life and reducing spoilage time
- Taste improvement
Examples: Salmon, tomatoes, pink pineapple
136
how does vertical farming work, 3 types of it and examples of foods using it
- grow crops vertically in layers in large buildings/greenhouses to reduce land use
- Examples of types:
- Hydroponics where plant grown with water instead of soil
- Aquaponics where aquaculture is wit hydroponics
- aeroponics where crops hang in air with roots exposed and nutrient rich mist waters plants
Examples: Lettuce, strawberries, fish
137
What is In Vitro meat and 2 countries where it is sold
- cells removed from live animals and placed into a culture liquid where they grow to produce tissue
- natural or synthetic materials help shape the tissue into recognisable 'meat'
- USA and Singapore
138
6 advantages of GMO foods
- Helps to increase the nutrition provided by crops through nutrient fortification (eg Rice with high vitamin A density)
- Crops may be drought-resistant
- May produce more productive crops and higher yields which lowers food prices
- Food lasts longer and won't spoil quickly
- Pest resistance limits the use of harmful pesticides
- Can improve flavour and the look of food, e.g. apples which don’t brown
139
6 advantages of vertical farming
- Doesn’t require soil, which is ideal for places with poor soils
- Can be grown in all sorts of places, from highly urbanised cities to the underground
- Much more sustainable, using less land, less water and recycled water etc
- Saves land for other resources
- more reliable as not susceptible t risk of natural disaster or climate change
- less labour required to produce
140
6 advantages of In Vitro Meat
- More sustainable than conventional meat (e.g no cow methane emissions)
- Better for animal welfare than conventional farming (animals don’t die)
- Is productive, with large outputs
- Better for our health with fortification of nutrients e.g. Omega-3 fatty acids
- Reduces the need for things like growth hormones
- Reduces the risk of animals contracting diseases and limits the risk of food poisoning pathogens
141
5 disadvantages to GMO foods
- Safety concerns of GMO foods e.g. allergic reactions or cancer
- May cause superweeds, which are resistant to certain herbicides which would increase the use of harmful herbicides
- Different restrictions across the world add to people’s suspicion
- Biotechnology giants control production.
- May cause biodiversity loss and cross-contamination of GMO genes into other natural organisms
142
6 disadvantages of vertical farming
- Needs regular monitoring and knowledge to operate successfully
- Loss of traditional farming jobs and jobs in general
- Heavily technology dependent
- If there is a fault in the system, crop loss will be catastrophic
- Land in urban areas is expensive, resulting in higher costs
- The systems use a lot of energy
143
7 disadvantages of In Vitro Meat
- questions into ethics of method
- Expensive with technologies and trained staff making food expensive and inaccessible to many
- Different taste from normal meat
- Uncertainty around the safety of In Vitro Meat e.g. cancer possibilities
- The culture liquid is sometimes made from animal blood, therefore it isn’t necessarily cruelty-free
- Could put conventional farmers out of business
- Increasing people’s access to meat may result in people eating more, bringing disease with it
144
3 features of preventative healthcare and 2 examples
- General avoidance of disease contraction and spread
- Quick detection of diseases to improve recovery
- Anticipating disease to stop further development
Examples include yearly flu jabs or cancer screenings
145
3 advantages of preventative healthcare
- early detection of diseases leading to recovery rather than death
- can be cheap and easy to distribute (cation and health campaigns)
- stops spread of disease before it becomes dangerous
146
2 features of curative healthcare and 2 examples
- treatment of disease post-infection
- very effective with enough resources like hospitals and medical staff
Examples include antibiotics and chemotherapy
147
2 advantages of curative healthcare
- Entirely getting rid of a disease or illness instead of just reducing the severity
- Supports recovery from a disease
148
Which healthcare is best for marginalised groups (both)
- poorer people generally more at risk of diseases of poverty so disease prevention (e.g vaccinations for measles and polio)
- if education rates are low though disease prevention might be hard to communicate so curative healthcare would be better
149
How does government priority change with different diseases? (3 things)
- whether something is an endemic or pandemic- would adopt preventative
-cost of strategies- curative often more expensive
- how risky a disease is (prevention adopted first but if it's more risky might need to change to curative)
150
How do means of infection determine whether curative or preventative strategies are adopted? (4 things)
- communicable and contagious of non communicable? both should be prevented first and treated if possible once contracted
- new/unknown disease- curing is only option
- if disease spreads quickly it is too late to prevent
- if disease is in high quantity (Malaria) requires both so primary healthcare
151
What is the epidemiology of disease
Understanding of:
- When a disease started
- Where it has started
- How it started
- Factors contributing to the spread
152
Epidemiological triangle
- Host - characteristics of a person e.g. age, race, occupation, social status etc
- Agent - the cause (biological, chemical, physical or nutritional)
- Environment - what could impact the agent (temperature, food or water, pollution, housing status)
153
3 vital things to manage pandemic
- local and global awareness
- international action
- media
154
6 features of international action in managing disease
- Global vaccination rollouts
- Consistent testing, tracing and treatment
- Announcements of Public Health Emergency
- International border closures
- Relief efforts e.g. doctors, aid workers etc
- International funding and collaboration for pandemic containment
