P1: Leisure, sport and tourism Flashcards
1
Q
Leisure
A
- The different types of activities people participate in, such as watching TV, participating in sports, reading books etc
- A specific state of mind, such as engaging in pleasurable activities
- The amount of free time away from work
- can include hobbies
2
Q
different types of leisure pursuits
A
- informal
- formal
- short term
- long term
3
Q
Work-life balance
A
- the division of time between working and family or leisure time
4
Q
top 3 countries for work life balance
A
- Italy at 9.4
- Denmark at 8.6
- Norway at 8.5
5
Q
Bottom 3 countries for work life balance
A
- Cota Rica at 1.3
- Colombia at 0.6
- Mexico at 0.4
6
Q
flexitime
A
- a system of working a set number of hours with the starting and finishing times chosen within agreed limits by the employer
7
Q
disposable income
A
- the amount of money that a person or household has to spend or save after income taxes are deducted
8
Q
4 factors affecting leisure
A
- High income country
- Low income country
- Gender
- Age
9
Q
How does high income country impact leisure
A
- More opportunities for extreme day trips where people fly to another city for one day
- Paid activities and hobbies are common activities
10
Q
How does low income country impact leisure
A
- There are fewer opportunities for leisure activities that have a cost, e.g. paying for the gym
- For some indigenous people, leisure time activities may include storytelling and playing traditional music
11
Q
How does gender impact leisure
A
- Men generally have more leisure time in Western nations
- In Europe and the USA, men have more than 9 hours per week more leisure time than women
- Women’s status in society may affect how much leisure time they have
12
Q
How does age impact leisure
A
- In Higher-income countries, leisure activities are targeted at people who have retired
13
Q
5 factors that have led to growth of leisure time
A
- increase in disposable incomes
- reduction in length of working week/day
- developments in tech (hoovers, washing machine) means less time on household chores
- increase in social media/influencers promoting leisure activities and being sponsored to do so
14
Q
the 7 different types of tourism
A
- Niche tourism
- ecotourism
- adventure tourism
- medical tourism
- heritage tourism
- sustainable tourism
- mass tourism
15
Q
Niche tourism
A
- caters for small groups of people
16
Q
Ecotourism
A
- sustainable to travel to areas
17
Q
Adventure tourism
A
- travel to remote or challenging environments
18
Q
Medical tourism
A
- travelling for medical procedures
19
Q
Heritage tourism
A
- travel to experience the history/artefacts of a place or experience cultures and traditions of the communities
20
Q
sustainable tourism
A
- a balance between environmental, economic and sociocultural aspects
21
Q
Mass tourism
A
- catering for the needs of large groups of people
22
Q
difference between primary and secondary resources
A
- Primary resources are pre-existing attractions for tourism, such as the climate, cultural and heritage sites
- whereas secondary resources include entertainment and accommodation
23
Q
Where are primary/secondary resources in urban areas and what are they?
A
primary resources:
- found in CBD
Secondary resources:
- spread more evenly throughout the urban area generally
- hotels/restaurants still focused in the CBD
- some in rural-urban fringe like theme parks
24
Q
Where are primary/secondary resources in rural areas and what are they?
A
Primary resources:
- could be the landscape itself
- could be ancient ruins, castles etc
secondary resources:
- built around the primary resources
- castle may have cafe/shop for tourists
25
5 factors Affecting Personal Participation in Sport and Tourism
- affluence
- gender
- stage in lifecycle
- personality
- place of residence
26
tourist hotspot
- an area that attracts a large number of tourists
27
5 factors that determine whether an area is a hotspot
- climate
- culture
- natural landscapes
- government investment
- sporting events
28
seasonal vs diurnal hotspots
Seasonal: tourism peaks at particular points in the year
Diurnal: tourism peaks at specific points of the day
29
sphere of influence and two contrasting examples
the area from which a facility or an attraction draws its supporters
- playground= small threshold because only local people will visit
- sport centre= large threshold because cater for large number of people to participate at one central location
30
range
maximum distance people will travel t o use a facility
31
threshold population
The minimum number of people needed for a facility to be viable
32
Sports hierarchy
The larger the population of a city, the more opportunities there will be for sports franchises to operate
33
Village up to 1000 people- facilities/activities
- Mobile library
- Community hall
- Exercise classes such as yoga, cricket, and bowling
34
A small country town with up to 6,000 people- facilities and activities
Same as village plus
- swimming pool
- tennis courts
Same as village plus
- court games like netball and basketball
35
Town- facilities and activities
Same as small town plus
- golf courses
Same as small town plus
- dedicated areas for specialised sports including golf
36
City- facilities and activities
Same as town plus
- athletic grounds
- sports stadium
Same as town plus
- grounds of certain sports teams like football and rugby
37
Capital cities- facilities and activities
Same as city plus
- national sports centres
Same as city plus
- grounds of national teams
38
Sphere of influence- what's in central area and who is it for
- cinema
- theatre
- library
- restaurants
- sports shops
- museums
- for town and surrounding area
39
Sphere of influence- what's in transition area and who is it for
- bowling
- leisure centres
- swimming pools
- parks
- for town and surrounding area
40
Sphere of influence- what's in suburbs and who is it for
- local clubs
- leisure centres
- local library
- parks
- bookmakers
- sports pitches
- for the suburbs
41
Sphere of influence- what's in urban-rural fringe and who is it for
- garden centres
- country parks
- leisure complexes in hotels
- nature reserves
- equestrian centres
- for suburbs
42
4 factors affecting sphere of influence
- transport links (increase sphere)
- competition with other facilities
- services provided by a facility
- local population characteristics including wealth
43
why are urban areas important for tourists
- can act as entry point for other tourist destinations (e.g gateway to cruises)
- have wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets
44
temporary leisure site
leisure sites that only exist for certain time for an event- eg Glastonbury
45
4 challenges for Niche tourism
- Competition from other tourist destinations may affect tourist numbers
- Some niche tourist activities fall out of fashion or decrease in popularity
- Economic advantages are limited due to low visitor numbers
- Too many visitors are attracted which impacts the environment
46
2 benefits of adventure tourism
- supports local economies more than mass tourism
- encourages sustainable practices due to involvement of local communities and promotes environmental protection for future use
47
Who participates in adventure tourism? (2 groups)
- Couples, solo travellers and groups= 80% of adventure tourists
- Aged 51-60 years make up the largest group of adventure tourists
48
What are the two types of adventure tourism and examples of each
Soft adventure
- safe and hardly requires skill/experience
- eg: camping, canoeing, fishing, hiking
Hard adventure
- requires some experience and some skill
- eg: caving, rock climbing, trekking
49
Movie tourism and example
- people visiting places shown on TV and in movies
- Highclere castle for Downton Abbey
50
why do LICs rely on TNCs in tourism
- because they have funds to invest in an area to attract more tourists and develop the location
- eg Hilton build an airport hotel
51
Stakeholder
someone with an interest in a particular area
52
What are the 5 main areas of TNC involvement in tourism industry
- Cruise lines
- Airlines
- Tour operators
- Hotels
- Travel agents
53
1 benefits of TNC involvement for tourist stakeholder
- Tourists can choose a branded hotel that they will be familiar with, eg Marriott Hotel company
54
2 costs of TNC involvement for tourist stakeholder
- Lack of choice because large hotel chains now have spread into countries around the world
- Hotel prices can increase because people are willing to pay more for a recognised brand
55
3 benefits of TNC involvement for employees stakeholder
- Employees receive regular income and employment benefits
- Development of employee skills
- supports local communities/economies
56
3 costs of TNC involvement for employees stakeholder
- If a TNC withdraws from the country employees will be left without work
- Companies who franchise do not necessarily treat employees as well as if they were working for the company directly
- Leakage - money goes to TNC home country not the destination
57
2 benefits of TNC involvement for locals stakeholder
- Taxes generated are used to create new infrastructure which benefits the local people as they have better access to improved roads and hospitals
- Increase in foreign direct investment (FDI)
58
1 cost of TNC involvement for locals stakeholder
- when Western tourists visit new destinations then the locals may lose their culture, and language and be influenced by foreign foods and architecture
59
2 benefit of TNC involvement for environmentalist stakeholder
- Marriott International (TNC) have used the UN Sustainable Development Goals as part of its environmental responsibility
- Increased airport availability has meant that some companies have invested in state infrastructure such as mass transit which anyone can use
60
3 costs of TNC involvement for environmentalist stakeholder
-TNCs spend millions on marketing each year encouraging tourists to fly to many destinations increasing carbon emissions
- Airports are increasingly being built outside of major cities to deal with tourist demand
- Tourist activities may lead to an increase in environmental pollution
61
What are national tourism strategies
government policies to encourage tourism
62
3 examples of tourist jobs
- catering
- transport
- construction (of hotels eg)
63
6 costs of tourism
- leakage of money where profit doesn't remain in the country but is lost to the foreign owners
- employment for locals is low skill and poorly paid/ job is filled by a non-local
- prices increase in local businesses because know that tourists can pay more
- regional/national inequality where some areas attract more tourists than others
- water usage increases
- land used for building resorts and facilities (theme park, golf course etc)
64
4 benefits of tourism in Small Island Developing States
- Manufacturing is unlikely to be possible due to the small land area
- Tropical islands have many natural attractions, such as beaches, rainforests, and coral reefs
- Tourism is not restricted by quotas or tariffs
- Direct and indirect employment provides jobs
65
3 negatives of tourism in Small Island Developing States
- Can be negatively affected by global pandemics
- Transport and accommodation costs can be high
- increasingly at risk with rising sea levels/ risk of extreme weather events
66
4 requirements for a country to host international games
- Various stadiums to host all of the different teams or events
- Training facilities for competitors
- Hotels or other accommodations for competitors
-An effective public transport system
67
3 political factors to consider when choosing host country of international games
- gov will be primary source of funding so need to be able to allocate public funds to large infrastructure buildings
- gov need to be able to ensure adequate safety for competitors and tourists
- country needs to have good diplomatic relations for games to run smoothly
68
3 economic advantages of hosting ISE
- brings tourism
- increase temporary job opportunity
- infrastructure development (which also has long term benefits)
69
1 economic disadvantage of hosting ISE
- can have economic losses
70
1 political advantage of hosting ISE
- increases country visibility on global stage and promotes it
71
1 political disadvantage of hosting ISE
- can come under scrutiny for whatever you do (e.g worker abuse criticism in Qatar before 2022 Fifa World Cup)
72
1 sport development advantage of hosting ISE
- youth inspired to try new sports
73
1 sport development disadvantage of hosting ISE
- Many sports do not continue with funding after the event has finished
74
Carrying capacity and it's 3 elements
a way of measuring how sustainable tourism is
- physical element
- ecological element
- perceptual element
75
Define 'physical element' of carrying capacity
- The measure of absolute space, e.g. the number of car park spaces available
76
Define 'ecological element' of carrying capacity
- The level of use that the environment can sustain without damage occurring
77
Define 'perceptual element' of carrying capacity
- The level of crowding a tourist will put up with before they think it is too crowded and want to leave
78
2 ways to achieve sustainable management of tourism
- Increasing carrying capacity by providing more resources for tourists such as hotels or increasing the size of the attraction(s)
- Limiting tourist numbers so that the carrying capacity is not reached by setting limits on visitors or permit systems
79
Sustainable tourism
- meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations
80
4 things tourism has to do to be sustainable
- respect local cultures and promote their preservation
- use resources sustainable
- reduce over consumption and waste
- support the local economy
81
Which tourisms are niche
- movie
- eco
-adventure
- diaspora
82
Diaspora tourism
- includes people in diaspora communities travelling to the areas or countries where they or their family migrated from
83
3 reasons governments encourage people to increase their sporting activity
- Health benefits
- Politicians are often keen to be linked to success in sporting activities
- To boost their economies
84
What is inclusion in sports
- the involvement in sports of people who were not traditionally involved in those sports for example women’s football
85
how do sport and international agreements link
- Participation in international sports is used by countries to demonstrate a country’s successes
- Sport may also be used as a tool for diplomacy
- Cooperation between countries can be increased through sporting events
- International sporting events increase freedom of movement between countries
86
Which women are most likely to take part in leisure/sport
- Women in HICs
- Single, professional women
87
6 barriers to sport for women
- Religion
- Politics (freedom of rights)
- dress code
- childcare
- lack of role models
- time
