✔ P.1 Chemistry: Properties & Change Flashcards
anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
elements
substance consisting of 2+ different elements combined in a fixed ratio
compound
elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce
essential elements
required by organisms in minute quantities
trace elements
basic unit of matter
atom
center of an atom, packed with protons and neutrons
atomic nucleus
same element, same # of protons, different # of neutrons (therefore different mass)
isotopes
- # of protons in an atom
- specific to each element
- abbreviated “Z”
atomic number
electrons that circulate the outer shell
valence electrons
atoms share/transfer electrons, the “glue” that attracts and keeps atoms held together due to sharing of each atom’s electrons
chemical bonds
2 or More atoms chemically bonded
molecule
making or breaking of bonds
chemical reactions
the starting molecules of a chemical reaction
reactants
the final molecules of a chemical reaction
products
subatomic particle located in the nucleus
protons and neutrons
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons, but may differ in the number of ____. Those atoms of the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons are called ______.
- Neutrons
- Isotopes
The chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by its ______.
electrons
Why is the shape of a molecule important in Biology?
- Key to its function in a cell
- Key to brain function
- How the receptors recognize the necessary molecule
- Think of opiates and endorphins
the energy associated with the relative motion of objects
kinetic energy
kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms.
energy in its most random form
thermal energy
a measure in degrees of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter
temperature
thermal energy in transfer from one body to another
heat
the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 degree C
calorie
a liquid, homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances
solution
substance dissolved in a solution
solute
solution with water as the solvent
aqueous solution (aq)
scale used to express acidity and basicity of substances
pH
a solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in solution
precipitate
a combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance
chemical formula
uses symbols to show us the relationship between the reactants and the products
chemical equation
a chemical reaction in which heat is released to the surroundings
exothermic reaction
a chemical reaction that reaction that requires heat
endothermic reaction
the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
law of conservation of energy
a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up or changed very much
catalyst
temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at a given pressure (identifying characteristic at standard pressure)
Boiling Point
the measure of mass of a substance per unit volume (identifying characteristic at standard temperature and pressure)
Density
the ability to be formed or pulled into a wire or tube
Ductility
the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures
heat
the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid (identifying characteristic at standard pressure)
melting point
able to be bended, shaped, or flattened or hammered flat
malleability
one of the four states or conditions in which a substance can exist: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma
phase
a change which occurs without changing the identity of the substance
physical change
a sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties
pure substance
a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions
saturation
having the ability to be dissolved in another substance
soluble
in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves
solvent
a measure of the amount of matter in an object
mass
a solid in which all the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
crystal pattern
process in which liquid water changes to water vapor with the addition of energy
evaporation
a porous material through which a substance is passed in order to separate the fluid from suspended particulate matter
filtering
a mixture that is not mixed evenly and each component retains its own properties
heterogeneous
solid, liquid or gas that contains two or more substances blended evenly throughout
homogeneous
the physical combination of 2 or more substances; can be separated by physical means
mixtures
to separate and retain the coarse parts to remove lumps and large particles
sifting
property of metal and alloys that allow heat or electricity charges to pass through the material easily
conductivity
an element below and to the left of the stair-step line of metalloids; about 80% of the known elements are _____; _____ are shiny, good conductors, low specific heat, high melting points, malleable, and ductile
metals
an arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic numbers that demonstrates the periodic patterns that occur among the elements
The Periodic Table of Elements
https: //pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table/#view=table
https: //ptable.com/#Properties
a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance
physical property
the ability of an atom or molecule to undergo a chemical reaction with another atom, molecule or compound
reactivity
the process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new substances
Chemical change
the reactants and products in the reaction that are contained to reduce error
Closed System
not soluble; will not dissolve
Insoluble
uneven distribution of charges across a molecule
polarity
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius
Specific Heat - low specific heat means a substance will heat up quickly
the quality of water that makes it able to dissolve more substances than any other solvent
universal solvent
A vertical column in the periodic table; also called a chemical family
group
Row of elements
period
An element that has some properties of metals and nonmetals
metalloids
nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon are essential to life and are what type of elements
nonmetals
Positively charged particle present in the nucleus of atoms
proton
Neutral charged particle present in the nucleus of atoms
neutron
Negatively charged particles that move about the nucleus in an electron cloud
electron
The process in which some isotopes are unstable and decay into other isotopes; measured in half-life
radioactive decay
