✔ L.1 Disease Flashcards
more than just the absence of disease, but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
health
factors that influence health outcomes
health determinants
a measure that reflects, or indicates, the state of health of persons (or organisms) in a defined population
health indicator
example: infant mortality rate, children/adolsent obesity rate
illness or sickness characterized by specific signs or symptoms - can be communicable or noncommunicable
disease
a factor, such as a microorganism (pathogen), chemical substance, or form of radiation, whose presence, excessive presence or relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease
★agent
microorganisms that cause disease
★pathogen
Note: About 1500 new types discovered in last 50 years, most begin in animals then spread to humans
disease caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoans, parasites, and fungi) that enter the body, multiply and cause infection - can be communicable (contagious) or noncommunicable
infectious disease
disease that’s spread through contact (other people, bug/animal bites, food), examples include the flu, measles, HIV, strep throat, COVID-19 and salmonella
★communicable disease
disease caused by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older, and the environment you live in
noncommunicable disease
*Noncommunicable diseases are collectively responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide - and share 4 major risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, and unhealthy diets.
A large group of unicellular microorganisms that lack a cell nucleus. Some are pathogenic and harmful to humans, some have no effect at all on humans, and some are beneficial.
★bacteria
Fun Fact: All the bacteria on Earth combined are about 1,166 times more massive (more mass) than all the humans.
a class of drugs that fight bacterial infections in humans and animals by either killing the bacteria or by making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply
★antibiotics
antibiotics DO NOT work on viruses
one of the biggest threats to global health and food security, occurs when bacteria change and become resistant to medicine as a result of misuse of medicine and/or lack of vaccination
★antibiotic resistance
piece of DNA or RNA inside a protective shell (capsid) that is much smaller than your cells, evolves fast, and require a host to replicate
★virus
About 8% of our DNA is made up of ancient viruses known as “endogenous retroviruses”
any of the nucleic acids that contain the genetic instructions necessary for the development and functioning of all living organisms as well as some viruses
DNA
called also deoxyribonucleic acid
any of various nucleic acids that are typically found in the cytoplasm of cells, and that function mostly in protein synthesis
made of ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups
RNA
called also ribonucleic acid
organisms (molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, and mushrooms) that lack chlorophyll, are parasitic or live on dead or decaying organic matter, and were formerly considered plants
★fungus
a living thing which lives in or on another living thing
★parasite
restricted or peculiar to a locality or region, diseases that don’t come and go, but stay consistently in a specific location, the baseline level of disease usually present in a community
★endemic
ex: endemic species, endemic disease
a sudden rise in the incidence of a disease, disease spikes in local area
★outbreak
There are about 200 outbreaks of infectious diseases every year (if you include small ones).
an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time within a country/region
★epidemic
epidemic goes global, affecting more than one continent
★pandemic
An organism (usually an arthropod such as a flea, mosquito, or tick) that carries an infectious agent from one host to another
★vector
A general term for any disease-causing infectious agent spread by direct or indirect contact.
★contagion
A biological preparation that improves the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy harmful infectious agents.
★vaccine
when a large portion of a community (the herd) becomes immune to a disease, the spread of disease from person to person becomes unlikely when achieved
★herd immunity
The relative occurrence of a disease or a condition that causes illness.
★morbidity
The number of deaths in a given time or place.
★mortality
A change in the sequence of DNA in a cell’s genome that can be caused by radiation, viruses, certain types of chemicals, errors, or environmental factors that occur during cell division and DNA replication.
mutation
known to increase the incidences of mutations above the spontaneous level, ex: bacteria, viruses, heat and radiation, metal ions, etc.
Not all impairments or damage to DNA are “mutations”.
★mutagen
an organism that commonly transmits disease because they do not realize they are infected, and consequently take no special precautions to prevent transmission
★carrier
disease made in the lab
engineered bioweapon
The directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system, responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.
World Health Organization (WHO)
A federal agency under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that works with partners across the United States to ensure public health—through health promotion; prevention of disease, injury, and disability; and preparedness for new health threats.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Which information source for this unit is:
a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation’s medical research agency
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Which information source for this unit is:
a website/study created by the University of Washington, Seattle that tracks diseases and health problems all over the world
IHME Global Burden of Disease (GBD)
organism that is microscopic and thus invisible to the naked eye
microbe
An organism that harbors a parasite or another organism where there is a symbiotic relationship between the two organisms. In some cases, the relationship is commensal, or mutually beneficial, but in the case of a parasite and host, the host may be hurt by the parasite’s presence.
host
