✔ L.1 Disease

Question 1

more than just the absence of disease, but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

Answer 1

health

Question 2

factors that influence health outcomes

Answer 2

health determinants

Question 3

a measure that reflects, or indicates, the state of health of persons (or organisms) in a defined population

Answer 3

health indicator

example: infant mortality rate, children/adolsent obesity rate

Question 4

illness or sickness characterized by specific signs or symptoms - can be communicable or noncommunicable

Answer 4

disease

Question 5

a factor, such as a microorganism (pathogen), chemical substance, or form of radiation, whose presence, excessive presence or relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease

Answer 5

★agent

Question 6

microorganisms that cause disease

Answer 6

★pathogen

Note: About 1500 new types discovered in last 50 years, most begin in animals then spread to humans

Question 7

disease caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoans, parasites, and fungi) that enter the body, multiply and cause infection - can be communicable (contagious) or noncommunicable

Answer 7

infectious disease

Question 8

disease that’s spread through contact (other people, bug/animal bites, food), examples include the flu, measles, HIV, strep throat, COVID-19 and salmonella

Answer 8

★communicable disease

Question 9

disease caused by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older, and the environment you live in

Answer 9

noncommunicable disease

*Noncommunicable diseases are collectively responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide - and share 4 major risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, and unhealthy diets.

Question 10

A large group of unicellular microorganisms that lack a cell nucleus. Some are pathogenic and harmful to humans, some have no effect at all on humans, and some are beneficial.

Answer 10

★bacteria

Fun Fact: All the bacteria on Earth combined are about 1,166 times more massive (more mass) than all the humans.

Question 11

a class of drugs that fight bacterial infections in humans and animals by either killing the bacteria or by making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply

Answer 11

★antibiotics

antibiotics DO NOT work on viruses

Question 12

one of the biggest threats to global health and food security, occurs when bacteria change and become resistant to medicine as a result of misuse of medicine and/or lack of vaccination

Answer 12

★antibiotic resistance

Question 13

piece of DNA or RNA inside a protective shell (capsid) that is much smaller than your cells, evolves fast, and require a host to replicate

Answer 13

★virus

About 8% of our DNA is made up of ancient viruses known as “endogenous retroviruses”

Question 14

any of the nucleic acids that contain the genetic instructions necessary for the development and functioning of all living organisms as well as some viruses

Answer 14

DNA

called also deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 15

any of various nucleic acids that are typically found in the cytoplasm of cells, and that function mostly in protein synthesis

made of ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups

Answer 15

RNA

called also ribonucleic acid

Question 16

organisms (molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, and mushrooms) that lack chlorophyll, are parasitic or live on dead or decaying organic matter, and were formerly considered plants

Answer 16

★fungus

Question 17

a living thing which lives in or on another living thing

Answer 17

★parasite

Question 18

restricted or peculiar to a locality or region, diseases that don’t come and go, but stay consistently in a specific location, the baseline level of disease usually present in a community

Answer 18

★endemic

ex: endemic species, endemic disease

Question 19

a sudden rise in the incidence of a disease, disease spikes in local area

Answer 19

★outbreak

There are about 200 outbreaks of infectious diseases every year (if you include small ones).

Question 20

an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time within a country/region

Answer 20

★epidemic

Question 21

epidemic goes global, affecting more than one continent

Answer 21

★pandemic

Question 22

An organism (usually an arthropod such as a flea, mosquito, or tick) that carries an infectious agent from one host to another

Answer 22

★vector

Question 23

A general term for any disease-causing infectious agent spread by direct or indirect contact.

Answer 23

★contagion

Question 24

A biological preparation that improves the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy harmful infectious agents.

Answer 24

★vaccine

Question 25

when a large portion of a community (the herd) becomes immune to a disease, the spread of disease from person to person becomes unlikely when achieved

Answer 25

★herd immunity

Question 26

The relative occurrence of a disease or a condition that causes illness.

Answer 26

★morbidity

Question 27

The number of deaths in a given time or place.

Answer 27

★mortality

Question 28

A change in the sequence of DNA in a cell’s genome that can be caused by radiation, viruses, certain types of chemicals, errors, or environmental factors that occur during cell division and DNA replication.

Answer 28

mutation

Question 29

known to increase the incidences of mutations above the spontaneous level, ex: bacteria, viruses, heat and radiation, metal ions, etc.

Not all impairments or damage to DNA are “mutations”.

Answer 29

★mutagen

Question 30

an organism that commonly transmits disease because they do not realize they are infected, and consequently take no special precautions to prevent transmission

Answer 30

★carrier

Question 31

disease made in the lab

Answer 31

engineered bioweapon

Question 32

The directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system, responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.

Answer 32

World Health Organization (WHO)

Question 33

A federal agency under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that works with partners across the United States to ensure public health—through health promotion; prevention of disease, injury, and disability; and preparedness for new health threats.

Answer 33

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question 34

Which information source for this unit is:

a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation’s medical research agency

Answer 34

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Question 35

Which information source for this unit is:

a website/study created by the University of Washington, Seattle that tracks diseases and health problems all over the world

Answer 35

IHME Global Burden of Disease (GBD)

Question 36

organism that is microscopic and thus invisible to the naked eye

Answer 36

microbe

Question 37

An organism that harbors a parasite or another organism where there is a symbiotic relationship between the two organisms. In some cases, the relationship is commensal, or mutually beneficial, but in the case of a parasite and host, the host may be hurt by the parasite’s presence.

Answer 37

host