(P) Lesson 4: Rules of Inheritance Flashcards
module and lecture-based
The cellular events (such as centriole division and spindle formation) are very similar to those of mitosis, except for the reduction of chromosome number into half.exist in different forms and can consequently give different traits
Gene
a hereditary unit
gene
Physical appearances are determined by?
hereditary “factors.” AKA gene
different forms of one gene symbolized by either a lowercase or uppercase letter
Allele
T or F. Allele is the alternative form of a single gene (e.g. A and a).
T
T or F. The gene do not mix or “blend” in heterozygotes.
F (allele)
T or F. According to Gregor, recessive traits reappear in the progeny of heterozygotes.
T (dominant and recessive alleles are passed intact from heterozygotes to their offspring)
- the allelic constitution of an organism
- combinations of alleles of all genes
- e.g. AA or Aa or aa
genotype
genotype
AA
homozygous dominant
genotype
Aa
heterozygous
genotype
aa
homozygous recessive
the physical form of a trait (e.g. tall or short)
phenotype
T or F. In homozygous recessive, each parent has a pair of genes that contain one allele for the dominant phenotype and one for the recessive phenotype
F (hetero)
specific locations of genes in chromosomes
loci/locus
Mendelian or Non?
Co-dominance & Incomplete, Dominance Lethal Alleles, Polygenic Inheritance, Epistasis, Extranuclear Inheritance, Genomic Imprinting, and Trinucleotide Repeats
Non
Mendelian or Non?
Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment
Mendelian
T or F. Gregor Mendel is an Aussie monk and botanist.
F (austrian)
introduced a theory of inheritance based on experimental work with pea plants through self-pollination or selfing
Gregor Mendel
Around what time Mendel’s work published?
1860’s
1857 - 1863 sabi ni euly
T or F. Around late 19th century, Mendel’s work rediscovered, correlated w/ chromosome behavior in meiosis.
F (start of 20th century-1900s)
What model shown to carry genetic info?
Watson-Crick model of DNA (1940s to 1950s)
T or F. It was around 1950s-1960s that the era of molecular genetics, expression, regulation understood.
T
When did recombinant DNA technology and DNA cloning began?
around 1970s to 1980s
What project was initiated when the genomics began in the 1990s?
Human Genome project
T or F. It was only then in the 2000s, genomics were applied.
T
This principle, according to Mendel, when organisms with two contrasting traits are crossed, the trait expressed in the offspring is the dominant trait, and the trait that did not express itself is a recessive trait
Principle of DOMINANCE
T or F. In the principle of dominance, recessive are expressed when both parents are homozygous.
T
T or F. In Mendel’s experiment, no recessive trait appeared in the first filial.
T
T or F. In the second filial generation, the recessive trait still does not appear in his experiment.
False [both dominant and recessive traits with a numerical ratio of 3 dominant and 1 recessive (3:1)]
In the formation of gametes, the alleles separate from one another to form the genetic constitution of the gametes.
the Law of Segregation
produced by the process of meiosis
gametes
T or F. Gametes join at random and regardless of the other gene pairs involved.
T
T or F. The parent can only give 1 pair to each gamete they produce.
F (1 allele)
crosses of parent organisms that differ by only one trait (one plant/seed characteristic)
Monohybrid cross
This is constructed to easily depict the monohybrid cross
punnet square
genotype of each of the offspring is predicted by combining the male and female gametes in one box with reference to the parental gametes
punnet square (matrix)
T or F. The punnet square can only be set up to 2x2.
F (depends on the alleles present; p’wede nga siya 4x4)
T or F. A phenotypic ratio of 3:1 is always produced in the F2 generation indicating that the dominant trait is three times as frequent as the recessive trait.
T
Identify the following
- Yy x Yy (Y - yellow; y - green)
genotypic ratio:
phenotypic ratio:
probability of offspring having yellow seeds:
- genotypic ratio: 25% (YY), 50% (Yy), 25% (yy) or 1:2:1
- phenotypic ratio: 75% yellow, 25% green 3:1
- probability of offspring having yellow seeds: 75%
Identify the following:
- ww x Ww (W-white; w-yellow)
genotypic ratio:
phenotypic ratio:
probability of offspring having yellow seeds:
- genotypic ratio: 50% (Ww), 50% (ww) or 2:2
- phenotypic ratio: 50% (white), 50% (yellow) or 2:2
- probability of offspring being yellow: 50%
Identify the following:
- Hh x Hh (H - short hair; h - long hair)
genotypic ratio:
phenotypic ratio:
probability of heterozygous offspring:
- genotypic ratio: 25% (HH), 50% (Hh), 25% (hh) or 1:2:1
- phenotypic ratio: 75% short, 25% long or 3:1
- probability of heterozygous offspring: 50%
The results of this experiment led Mendel to formulate his second law. During gamete formation, segregating pairs of alleles assort independently of each other which is?
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
In what phase is the alleles on different chromosomes are distributed?
metaphase
T or F. the more chromosomes misalign, the more combinations it can produce in the metaphase.
F (align)
T or F. Each combination has an equal probability of occurring because the allele you give to the gametes for one gene has no bearing that the gametes receives from the other.
T
T or F. If 2 genes are on the same chromosome and are far enough apart, the genes are dependent assorting and not show linkage
F (independently assorting and do not show linkage)
T or F. The assortment is only valid if the genes are far enough.
T (valid when dealing unlinked genes)
genes assort at a distance of?
50cM (centimorgan) or more apart—1cM corresponds to about 1 million bps
parents possess 2 different forms of each character e.g. (RRYY) and (rryy)
dihybrid cross/two-factor cause
T or F. One limitation of Mendel’s law of independent assortment is that it doesn’t hold true for linked genes present on the same loci that are usually inherited together
T
T or F. The benefit of Mendel’s law of independent assortment is that its not applicable for genetic traits where they exhibit incomplete dominance/co-dominance
F (limitation, not a benefit)
T or F. Segregation and Independent Assortment are closely related principles in terms of having the same chance of inheriting an allele.
T
What do u use when you genotype a parent with unknown dominant traits?
test cross
determines whether an individual with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous
test cross
T or F. In using test cross, the genotype of each parents may be determined by examining the offspring when each is crossed to the homozygous recessive trait
T
