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Cytogenetics > (P) Lesson 3: Cell Division > Flashcards

(P) Lesson 3: Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

process by which a single cell
divides into two or more daughter cells.

A

Cell Division

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2
Q

essential process in all living organisms, allowing them to grow and reproduce

A

edi ano p b

Cell Division

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3
Q

process by which
prokaryotic cells divide

A

Binary Fission

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4
Q

T or F. Cell reproduction is important in the repair and regeneration of damaged or lost cells.

A

F (Cell division; ‘di naman nagsesex ang cells, ikaw lang)

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5
Q

T or F. Prokaryotes divides forming 2 identical cells.

A

T

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6
Q

T or F. Binary fission is less complex than cell division in prokaryotic cells.

A

F (eukaryotic)

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7
Q

Eu or Pro

Replicates on the origin

A

Pro

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8
Q

What cell division results in two daughter cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

my two sis hehehe

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9
Q

Four steps of mitosis

A

PMAT

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10
Q

T or F. Meiosis is a cell division that results in four
daughter cells.

A

T

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11
Q

T or F. The cytokinesis differs in mito and meio.

A

same lang (cytoplasm divides
forming 2 new daughter cells)

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12
Q

Mito or Meio

Each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell

A

Mito

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13
Q

Mito or Meio

Each daughter cell is NOT
genetically identical to the parent cell.

A

Meio

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14
Q

the sequence of events that
occur in a cell between its formation and its division into two daughter cells.

A

cell cycle

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15
Q

2 main phases of cell cycle

A

mitosis & interphase

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16
Q

tightly regulated and carefully coordinated

A

cell cycle

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17
Q

T or F. The cell cycle is a sequence of events involving
preparation for cell division and producing IDENTICAL daughter cells.

A

T

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18
Q

the longest stage of the
cell cycle

A

interphase

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19
Q

90-95% of cell division happens

A

Interphase

cell division

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20
Q

At the end of interphase, the cell is ready to enter what next stage of the cell cycle?

A

Prophase

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21
Q

storage for cells

A

G0

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22
Q

What happens to damaged cells in the resting phase?

A

undergo apoptosis (according to mam)

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23
Q

T or F. Nerve cells can undergo interphase.

A

F (they are cells that don’t divide kaya they remain sa G0)

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24
Q

T or F. There are cells that remain at G0 for years and may be stimulated to reenter G1 continuing the cell
cycle

A

T

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25
Q

In this phase, cell increases in size, cell growth, all organelles and proteins are
produced here

A

G1 phase

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26
Q

T or F. The G1 phase occurs immediately before the cell division is completed.

A

F (after)

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27
Q

T or F. During G1 phase, there is intensive metabolic activity, many genes become active, RNA and protein are synthesized, and the cell
increase in size.

A

T

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28
Q

In this phase of interphase, there’s a formation of centrioles and mitotic spindles.

A

S Phase

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29
Q

Interphase

The replication of DNA begins here.

A

Synthetic Phase

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30
Q

In this phase, there’s final touches, checking for
incomplete organelles and checking if the cell is ready to divide.

A

G2 Phase

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31
Q

T or F. In the G2 phase, the organelles double, new cytoplasm forms, and all other structures needed for mitosis.

A

T

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32
Q

T or F. If the cell in the G2 phase is not yet ready, the cell can go back to the G0 phase.

A

F (the cell stays at G2)

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33
Q

This process is essential for growth and repair in both single-celled and multicellular organisms.

A

mitosis

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34
Q

Who studies/investigated
mitosis, was the first to detail the chromosomal movements in the process of mitosis.

A

Walter Fleming

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35
Q

Mitosis

→ Chromatids condense becoming
chromosomes.
→ Centrioles separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell
→ Spindle begins to form

A

Early Prophase

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36
Q

Mitosis

→ the nuclear membrane fragments and the microtubules invade the nuclear area
→ centrioles have moved to the opposite lanes
→ sister chromatids are formed with a
centromere
→ spindle is completely formed
→ nuclear membrane and nucleolus
disappear

A

Late Prophase

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37
Q

Mitosis

→ the chromosomes are aligned in the middle
→ centrioles move at polar ends and projects spindle fibers to connect each chromosome
→ spindle apparatus is attached to the centromeres
→ nuclear membrane has completely disappeared
→ the centromere of each double stranded chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber

A

Metaphase

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38
Q

What protein allows the chromosome to be aligned in the middle?

A

kinetochore

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39
Q

a protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to a spindle fiber on a chromosome

A

Kinetochore

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40
Q

Mitosis

→ the paired chromosome separates and move to the opposite pole
→ the spindle apparatus shortens and chromatids are pulled apart
→ partial division of cytoplasm begins
→ separates the sister chromatids

A

Anaphase

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41
Q

Mitosis

in this phase, the kinetochore disappears

A

Anaphase

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42
Q

Mitosis

the shortest process in the cell cycle

A

Anaphase

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43
Q

Mitosis

a slight cleavage begins to furrow onto the cell membrane in the region of the equator

A

Late Anaphase

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44
Q

Mitosis

→ spindle fiber disappears
→ chromosomes arrive at the opposite end of the cell and begin to relax
→ centrioles are replicated
→ nuclear membrane reform and nucleoli reappear

A

Telophase

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45
Q

The process of mitosis takes how long?

A

less than 30 minutes or longer

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46
Q

T or F. Like cardiac muscle cells, the mitosis during embryogenesis occurs at a slow rate.

A

F (malayo siya sa cardiac mucscle and occurs at a faster rate)

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47
Q

Telophase

In what cell does this occur:

appearance of cleavage furrow

A

animal cell

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48
Q

Telophase

appearance of cell plate

A

Plant cell

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49
Q

→ occurs at the end of mitosis
→ daughter cells are genetically identical
→ cells turn into interphase (ready to enter interphase)

A

Cytokinesis

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50
Q

In telophase, what helps the organelles and cytoplasm to divide?

A

Microtubules

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51
Q

This checkpoint decides whether or not the cell will divide

A

G1 checkpoint

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52
Q

T or F. The cell in G1 returns back to G0 if there’s any needed repair.

A

T

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53
Q

T or F. G2 has similar function to G1 checkpoint.

A

T

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54
Q

This checks if the attachment/alignment is correct

A

mitotic spindle checkpoint

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55
Q

Mitotic spindle checkpoint occurs in what phase?

A

Metaphase - Anaphase

56
Q

regulate progression to the next phase by checking if the conditions are favorable before the cell cycle is allowed to proceed.

A

Cell cycle checkpoint

57
Q

What checkpoint checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage?

A

G1 checkpoint

58
Q

What checkpoint checks for cell size and DNA replication?

A

G2 Checkpoint

59
Q

Internal or External factors

CDK

A

Internal

60
Q

Internal or External factors

Hormones

A

External

61
Q

Internal or External factors

Growth Factors

A

External

62
Q

Internal or External factors

Cyclins

A

Internal

63
Q

Internal or External factors

Transcription factors

A

External

64
Q

What does protein kinases need to become active?

A

cyclin

65
Q

the action of cdk-cyclin complex for activation
and inactivation of proteins

A

phosphorylation

66
Q

Regulatory proteins, levels cycle in the cell

A

Cyclins

67
Q

o Control the transition from one phase of the cell to the next.
o They make sure that the phase of the cell cycle occur correct order.

A

CDK-Cyclin complex

68
Q

They attach to receptor of other cells by inviting them to divide/make cell proliferate and activate the transcription faction, which then activates the cdk-cyclin complex

A

Growth factors

69
Q

End portion of the chromosome

A

Telomeres

70
Q

How many telomeres is lost after each cell division?

A

50-200 endmost bases

71
Q

T or F. After 50 divisions, LONGER telomeres signal the cell to stop dividing

A

F (shortened)

72
Q

What is produced to prevent the shortening of telomeres?

A

Telomerase

73
Q

All of these produces telomerase, except:

T Cells and B Cells
Egg cell
Sperm Cell
Bone Marrow
Cancer Cells
Prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells (walang telomeres sa bacteria)

74
Q

T or F. The factors that shorten telomeres: stress, obesity, etc.

A

T

75
Q

AKA suicide or cell death

A

apoptosis

76
Q

If checkpoint fails, the cell must undergo what?

A

apoptosis for the benefit of the organism

kaya if u think something is hindering u to grow, kys

77
Q

T or F. Cell death is essential for normal development and functioning of multicellular organisms

A

T

78
Q

T or F. Part of a DIVIDING cell shows that the plasma membrane bulges and nucleus releasing DNA pieces

A

F (dying, not dividing)

79
Q

for normal development such as in fetus and skin; for cells that can’t be repaired

A

APOPTOSIS

80
Q

crucial mediators of apoptosis

A

caspases

81
Q

Apoptosis

make the organelles in the cell smaller by destroying the components of the cells

A

caspases

82
Q

products of caspases

A

vesicle/blebs

83
Q

Who engulfs the cell remnants/blebs

A

Phagocytes

84
Q

well known tumor suppressor proteins

A

p53, p21, and RB (retinoblastoma) protein

FYI:
p53 protein detects DNA damage and stops the cell cycle in G1/S and at G2/M
p53 blocks the activity of p21 which, in turn, inhibits CDK2 activity

85
Q

Similar to normal cells, but does not follow the signal to divide

A

CANCER CELLS

86
Q

T or F. Apoptosis can occur to all cells even cancer cells.

A

F (resistant ang cancer cells kaya may imbalance between cell division and cell death because there’s more division than death)

87
Q

→ Self-renewal
→ Can be part of bone cells or muscle cells
→ Can be specialized cell or unspecialized

A

Stem Cell

88
Q

T or F. Stem cells do not have the capacity of self-renewal.

A

F (progenitor cell)

89
Q

Stem Cell Type

Inner cell mass of very early embryo; somatic cell nuclear transfer into egg cell

A

Embryonic stem cell

90
Q

Stem Cell type

Genes or other chemicals reprogram somatic cell nucleus; no embryos required

A

Induced pluripotent stem cell

91
Q

Stem Cell type

Somatic cells that normally function as stem cells, from any stage of development from fertilized ovum through elderly

A

“adult” stem cell

92
Q

Which among here is not an application of stem cell?

→ Discovery and development of drugs
→ Regenerate new, healthy cells
→ Observing the earliest sign of disease
→ Create tissues and organs
→ Introduction of reprogramming proteins

A

Regenerate new, healthy cells (myth)

93
Q

one copy of each chromosome is called?

A

haploid

94
Q

Haploid or Diploid

Gametes (sex cells) is an example of?

A

Haploid

95
Q

whatdo you call two sets of chromosomes (two of each chromosome)

A

Diploid

96
Q

What process/phase is the basis for the segregation of alleles in Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

Meiosis I

97
Q

T or F. Meiosis I’s cellular events (such as centriole division and spindle formation) are very similar to those of mitosis, except for the reduction of chromosome number into half.

A

T

98
Q

T or F. Meiosis is a cycle

A

F (Meiosis is NOT a cycle)

becuz at the end of each meiosis II, the daughter cells do not divide anymore, but the male gamete fertilizes the female gamete to form a zygote.

99
Q

What do you call when there’s a cross over or overlap in the chiasma?

A

Synapsis

100
Q

Meiosis 1

→ There is homologous pair (mother and father chromosome)
→ Synapsis
→ Recombinant chromatids (product of crossing over)

A

Prophase I

101
Q

Substages

all the chromosomes condense. Each replicated chromosome consists of sister chromatids that are tightly associated and are not separately visible.

A

Leptotene

102
Q

Substage

homologous chromosomes or homologs find each other and begin to pair

A

Zygotene

103
Q

Substages

the two sister chromatids of
each homologous chromosome become
visible

A

pachytene

104
Q

Substage

the chromosomes continue to condense, and all four chromatids of the tetrad can be clearly seen

A

Diplotene

105
Q

Substage

the chromosomes reach their most condensed state, and the chiasmata appear to migrate to the ends of the chromosomes. The nuclear envelope disappears, and the spindle fibers reach the chromosomes and connect to the kinetochore

A

Diakinesis

106
Q

Meiosis 1

→ This alignment results in temporary
fusion of the chromatids that results in crossing over that mixes parental traits
→ this homolog alignment results in
temporary fusion of the chromatids that results in crossing-over that mixes parental traits.

A

Metaphase 1

107
Q

Meiosis 1

→ Centromeres of each chromosome do not divide
→ Chromosomes will separate
→ There will be different traits when
separated due to the crossing over and independent assortment
→ The sister chromatids are held by a
single centromere.

A

Anaphase I

108
Q

Meiosis I

→ Nuclear envelopes partially assemble around chromosomes
→ Spindle disappears
→ Cytokinesis divides cell into two
→ Produces 2 non-identical daughter cells (haploid)

A

Telophase I

109
Q

Meiosis I

T or F. After Telophase I, interphase MAY or MAY NOT occur.

A

T

110
Q

Meiosis II

T or F. If an interphase period occurs after meiosis I, the S phase must accurately make up another sister chromatids.

A

F (S phase do not occur since the chromosomes are already made up of two sister chromatids)

111
Q

Meiosis II

→ The two chromatids of each chromosome are held together by a single centromere, and there is no pairing because no homologous chromosomes are present

A

Prophase II

112
Q

Meiosis II

→ Chromosome decondense and begin to fade and are replaced by the indistinct chromatin.

A

Telophase II

113
Q

Meiosis II

Form four genetically different cells

A

Cytokinesis II

114
Q

production of haploid sex cells

A

gametogenesis

115
Q

T or F. Sex cells have one-half the genetic material
(haploid chromosome number) from the germ cell of each parent.

A

T

116
Q

Fusion of spermatozoa and ova at time of
fertilization results in?

A

zygote w/ diploid genome

117
Q

The process of production of spermatozoa is
called?

A

spermatogensis

118
Q

The process of
production of the ovum is?

A

oogenesis

119
Q

Spermatogenesis begins at what age/phase of life?

A

when puberty is reached

120
Q

process of producing sperm cells in the male reproductive organs (testes) through?

A

spermatocytogenesis (cell division) and spermiogenesis (metamorphic change) to produce spermatozoa

121
Q

In male animals, spermatogenesis starts from a diploid cell called spermatogonium, that grows and matures to form the?

A

primary spermatocyte

122
Q

True or False? At meiosis II, the primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes

A

F (meiosis I)

123
Q

What forms the flagella, head and parts of the sperm?

A

spermatid

124
Q

In females, the oogenesis (meiosis I) starts at?

A

embryonic stage

125
Q

midpiece of the sperm

A

mitochondria

126
Q

movement for the sperm

A

tail

127
Q

Oogenesis

T or F. In meiosis I and meiosis II, the daughter cells receive equal amounts of genetic materials but cytoplasmic division is unequal, and one of the daughter cells receives almost all of the cytoplasm

A

T

128
Q

gives rise to a primary
oocyte

A

oogonium

129
Q

The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II that
results in one?

A

ootid

130
Q

contains the haploid nucleus of the female gamete and eventually receives almost all the cytoplasm

A

mature ootid (ovum)

result of secondary oocyte

131
Q

try to explain to me the process of oogenesis

A

oogenesis -> primary -> secondary (2) -> secondary polar body -> ovum and 3 polar bodies

132
Q

try to explain to me the process of spermatogensis

A

bading ka, lalabas raw ‘to kaya aralin mo

summary: spermatogonium -> primary -> secondary (2) -> spermatid (4) -> sperm cell (4)

133
Q

oogenesis

T or F. In human, meiosis of all oocytes starts in the embryonic ovary, but stops at TELOPHASE I.

A

F (prophase I)

it only continues after puberty because nagkakamentruation tayo. Then, each month, one or more primary oocytes resumes the process of meiotic division until metaphase 2.

134
Q

When is meiosis II completed?

A

kapag jontis ka na

135
Q

During mentruation how many oocyte continues meiosis I through meiosis II?

A

one lang

136
Q

Congrats you’ve reached the end of my cards!

A

Now, u must pm me a twerk video.

137
Q

if u see this card <3

A

SHAKE THAT PHAT ASS

Cytogenetics (18 decks)

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