(P) Lesson 3: Cell Division Flashcards
process by which a single cell
divides into two or more daughter cells.
Cell Division
essential process in all living organisms, allowing them to grow and reproduce
edi ano p b
Cell Division
process by which
prokaryotic cells divide
Binary Fission
T or F. Cell reproduction is important in the repair and regeneration of damaged or lost cells.
F (Cell division; ‘di naman nagsesex ang cells, ikaw lang)
T or F. Prokaryotes divides forming 2 identical cells.
T
T or F. Binary fission is less complex than cell division in prokaryotic cells.
F (eukaryotic)
Eu or Pro
Replicates on the origin
Pro
What cell division results in two daughter cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Mitosis
my two sis hehehe
Four steps of mitosis
PMAT
T or F. Meiosis is a cell division that results in four
daughter cells.
T
T or F. The cytokinesis differs in mito and meio.
same lang (cytoplasm divides
forming 2 new daughter cells)
Mito or Meio
Each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell
Mito
Mito or Meio
Each daughter cell is NOT
genetically identical to the parent cell.
Meio
the sequence of events that
occur in a cell between its formation and its division into two daughter cells.
cell cycle
2 main phases of cell cycle
mitosis & interphase
tightly regulated and carefully coordinated
cell cycle
T or F. The cell cycle is a sequence of events involving
preparation for cell division and producing IDENTICAL daughter cells.
T
the longest stage of the
cell cycle
interphase
90-95% of cell division happens
Interphase
cell division
At the end of interphase, the cell is ready to enter what next stage of the cell cycle?
Prophase
storage for cells
G0
What happens to damaged cells in the resting phase?
undergo apoptosis (according to mam)
T or F. Nerve cells can undergo interphase.
F (they are cells that don’t divide kaya they remain sa G0)
T or F. There are cells that remain at G0 for years and may be stimulated to reenter G1 continuing the cell
cycle
T
In this phase, cell increases in size, cell growth, all organelles and proteins are
produced here
G1 phase
T or F. The G1 phase occurs immediately before the cell division is completed.
F (after)
T or F. During G1 phase, there is intensive metabolic activity, many genes become active, RNA and protein are synthesized, and the cell
increase in size.
T
In this phase of interphase, there’s a formation of centrioles and mitotic spindles.
S Phase
Interphase
The replication of DNA begins here.
Synthetic Phase
In this phase, there’s final touches, checking for
incomplete organelles and checking if the cell is ready to divide.
G2 Phase
T or F. In the G2 phase, the organelles double, new cytoplasm forms, and all other structures needed for mitosis.
T
T or F. If the cell in the G2 phase is not yet ready, the cell can go back to the G0 phase.
F (the cell stays at G2)
This process is essential for growth and repair in both single-celled and multicellular organisms.
mitosis
Who studies/investigated
mitosis, was the first to detail the chromosomal movements in the process of mitosis.
Walter Fleming
Mitosis
→ Chromatids condense becoming
chromosomes.
→ Centrioles separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell
→ Spindle begins to form
Early Prophase
Mitosis
→ the nuclear membrane fragments and the microtubules invade the nuclear area
→ centrioles have moved to the opposite lanes
→ sister chromatids are formed with a
centromere
→ spindle is completely formed
→ nuclear membrane and nucleolus
disappear
Late Prophase
Mitosis
→ the chromosomes are aligned in the middle
→ centrioles move at polar ends and projects spindle fibers to connect each chromosome
→ spindle apparatus is attached to the centromeres
→ nuclear membrane has completely disappeared
→ the centromere of each double stranded chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber
Metaphase
What protein allows the chromosome to be aligned in the middle?
kinetochore
a protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to a spindle fiber on a chromosome
Kinetochore
Mitosis
→ the paired chromosome separates and move to the opposite pole
→ the spindle apparatus shortens and chromatids are pulled apart
→ partial division of cytoplasm begins
→ separates the sister chromatids
Anaphase
Mitosis
in this phase, the kinetochore disappears
Anaphase
Mitosis
the shortest process in the cell cycle
Anaphase
Mitosis
a slight cleavage begins to furrow onto the cell membrane in the region of the equator
Late Anaphase
Mitosis
→ spindle fiber disappears
→ chromosomes arrive at the opposite end of the cell and begin to relax
→ centrioles are replicated
→ nuclear membrane reform and nucleoli reappear
Telophase
The process of mitosis takes how long?
less than 30 minutes or longer
T or F. Like cardiac muscle cells, the mitosis during embryogenesis occurs at a slow rate.
F (malayo siya sa cardiac mucscle and occurs at a faster rate)
Telophase
In what cell does this occur:
appearance of cleavage furrow
animal cell
Telophase
appearance of cell plate
Plant cell
→ occurs at the end of mitosis
→ daughter cells are genetically identical
→ cells turn into interphase (ready to enter interphase)
Cytokinesis
In telophase, what helps the organelles and cytoplasm to divide?
Microtubules
This checkpoint decides whether or not the cell will divide
G1 checkpoint
T or F. The cell in G1 returns back to G0 if there’s any needed repair.
T
T or F. G2 has similar function to G1 checkpoint.
T
This checks if the attachment/alignment is correct
mitotic spindle checkpoint
Mitotic spindle checkpoint occurs in what phase?
Metaphase - Anaphase
regulate progression to the next phase by checking if the conditions are favorable before the cell cycle is allowed to proceed.
Cell cycle checkpoint
What checkpoint checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage?
G1 checkpoint
What checkpoint checks for cell size and DNA replication?
G2 Checkpoint
Internal or External factors
CDK
Internal
Internal or External factors
Hormones
External
Internal or External factors
Growth Factors
External
Internal or External factors
Cyclins
Internal
Internal or External factors
Transcription factors
External
What does protein kinases need to become active?
cyclin
the action of cdk-cyclin complex for activation
and inactivation of proteins
phosphorylation
Regulatory proteins, levels cycle in the cell
Cyclins
o Control the transition from one phase of the cell to the next.
o They make sure that the phase of the cell cycle occur correct order.
CDK-Cyclin complex
They attach to receptor of other cells by inviting them to divide/make cell proliferate and activate the transcription faction, which then activates the cdk-cyclin complex
Growth factors
End portion of the chromosome
Telomeres
How many telomeres is lost after each cell division?
50-200 endmost bases
T or F. After 50 divisions, LONGER telomeres signal the cell to stop dividing
F (shortened)
What is produced to prevent the shortening of telomeres?
Telomerase
All of these produces telomerase, except:
T Cells and B Cells
Egg cell
Sperm Cell
Bone Marrow
Cancer Cells
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells (walang telomeres sa bacteria)
T or F. The factors that shorten telomeres: stress, obesity, etc.
T
AKA suicide or cell death
apoptosis
If checkpoint fails, the cell must undergo what?
apoptosis for the benefit of the organism
kaya if u think something is hindering u to grow, kys
T or F. Cell death is essential for normal development and functioning of multicellular organisms
T
T or F. Part of a DIVIDING cell shows that the plasma membrane bulges and nucleus releasing DNA pieces
F (dying, not dividing)
for normal development such as in fetus and skin; for cells that can’t be repaired
APOPTOSIS
crucial mediators of apoptosis
caspases
Apoptosis
make the organelles in the cell smaller by destroying the components of the cells
caspases
products of caspases
vesicle/blebs
Who engulfs the cell remnants/blebs
Phagocytes
well known tumor suppressor proteins
p53, p21, and RB (retinoblastoma) protein
FYI:
p53 protein detects DNA damage and stops the cell cycle in G1/S and at G2/M
p53 blocks the activity of p21 which, in turn, inhibits CDK2 activity
Similar to normal cells, but does not follow the signal to divide
CANCER CELLS
T or F. Apoptosis can occur to all cells even cancer cells.
F (resistant ang cancer cells kaya may imbalance between cell division and cell death because there’s more division than death)
→ Self-renewal
→ Can be part of bone cells or muscle cells
→ Can be specialized cell or unspecialized
Stem Cell
T or F. Stem cells do not have the capacity of self-renewal.
F (progenitor cell)
Stem Cell Type
Inner cell mass of very early embryo; somatic cell nuclear transfer into egg cell
Embryonic stem cell
Stem Cell type
Genes or other chemicals reprogram somatic cell nucleus; no embryos required
Induced pluripotent stem cell
Stem Cell type
Somatic cells that normally function as stem cells, from any stage of development from fertilized ovum through elderly
“adult” stem cell
Which among here is not an application of stem cell?
→ Discovery and development of drugs
→ Regenerate new, healthy cells
→ Observing the earliest sign of disease
→ Create tissues and organs
→ Introduction of reprogramming proteins
Regenerate new, healthy cells (myth)
one copy of each chromosome is called?
haploid
Haploid or Diploid
Gametes (sex cells) is an example of?
Haploid
whatdo you call two sets of chromosomes (two of each chromosome)
Diploid
What process/phase is the basis for the segregation of alleles in Mendel’s Law of Segregation
Meiosis I
T or F. Meiosis I’s cellular events (such as centriole division and spindle formation) are very similar to those of mitosis, except for the reduction of chromosome number into half.
T
T or F. Meiosis is a cycle
F (Meiosis is NOT a cycle)
becuz at the end of each meiosis II, the daughter cells do not divide anymore, but the male gamete fertilizes the female gamete to form a zygote.
What do you call when there’s a cross over or overlap in the chiasma?
Synapsis
Meiosis 1
→ There is homologous pair (mother and father chromosome)
→ Synapsis
→ Recombinant chromatids (product of crossing over)
Prophase I
Substages
all the chromosomes condense. Each replicated chromosome consists of sister chromatids that are tightly associated and are not separately visible.
Leptotene
Substage
homologous chromosomes or homologs find each other and begin to pair
Zygotene
Substages
the two sister chromatids of
each homologous chromosome become
visible
pachytene
Substage
the chromosomes continue to condense, and all four chromatids of the tetrad can be clearly seen
Diplotene
Substage
the chromosomes reach their most condensed state, and the chiasmata appear to migrate to the ends of the chromosomes. The nuclear envelope disappears, and the spindle fibers reach the chromosomes and connect to the kinetochore
Diakinesis
Meiosis 1
→ This alignment results in temporary
fusion of the chromatids that results in crossing over that mixes parental traits
→ this homolog alignment results in
temporary fusion of the chromatids that results in crossing-over that mixes parental traits.
Metaphase 1
Meiosis 1
→ Centromeres of each chromosome do not divide
→ Chromosomes will separate
→ There will be different traits when
separated due to the crossing over and independent assortment
→ The sister chromatids are held by a
single centromere.
Anaphase I
Meiosis I
→ Nuclear envelopes partially assemble around chromosomes
→ Spindle disappears
→ Cytokinesis divides cell into two
→ Produces 2 non-identical daughter cells (haploid)
Telophase I
Meiosis I
T or F. After Telophase I, interphase MAY or MAY NOT occur.
T
Meiosis II
T or F. If an interphase period occurs after meiosis I, the S phase must accurately make up another sister chromatids.
F (S phase do not occur since the chromosomes are already made up of two sister chromatids)
Meiosis II
→ The two chromatids of each chromosome are held together by a single centromere, and there is no pairing because no homologous chromosomes are present
Prophase II
Meiosis II
→ Chromosome decondense and begin to fade and are replaced by the indistinct chromatin.
Telophase II
Meiosis II
Form four genetically different cells
Cytokinesis II
production of haploid sex cells
gametogenesis
T or F. Sex cells have one-half the genetic material
(haploid chromosome number) from the germ cell of each parent.
T
Fusion of spermatozoa and ova at time of
fertilization results in?
zygote w/ diploid genome
The process of production of spermatozoa is
called?
spermatogensis
The process of
production of the ovum is?
oogenesis
Spermatogenesis begins at what age/phase of life?
when puberty is reached
process of producing sperm cells in the male reproductive organs (testes) through?
spermatocytogenesis (cell division) and spermiogenesis (metamorphic change) to produce spermatozoa
In male animals, spermatogenesis starts from a diploid cell called spermatogonium, that grows and matures to form the?
primary spermatocyte
True or False? At meiosis II, the primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes
F (meiosis I)
What forms the flagella, head and parts of the sperm?
spermatid
In females, the oogenesis (meiosis I) starts at?
embryonic stage
midpiece of the sperm
mitochondria
movement for the sperm
tail
Oogenesis
T or F. In meiosis I and meiosis II, the daughter cells receive equal amounts of genetic materials but cytoplasmic division is unequal, and one of the daughter cells receives almost all of the cytoplasm
T
gives rise to a primary
oocyte
oogonium
The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II that
results in one?
ootid
contains the haploid nucleus of the female gamete and eventually receives almost all the cytoplasm
mature ootid (ovum)
result of secondary oocyte
try to explain to me the process of oogenesis
oogenesis -> primary -> secondary (2) -> secondary polar body -> ovum and 3 polar bodies
try to explain to me the process of spermatogensis
bading ka, lalabas raw ‘to kaya aralin mo
summary: spermatogonium -> primary -> secondary (2) -> spermatid (4) -> sperm cell (4)
oogenesis
T or F. In human, meiosis of all oocytes starts in the embryonic ovary, but stops at TELOPHASE I.
F (prophase I)
it only continues after puberty because nagkakamentruation tayo. Then, each month, one or more primary oocytes resumes the process of meiotic division until metaphase 2.
When is meiosis II completed?
kapag jontis ka na
During mentruation how many oocyte continues meiosis I through meiosis II?
one lang
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