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Cytogenetics > (P) Lesson 2: Human Chromosome > Flashcards

(P) Lesson 2: Human Chromosome Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules that carry genes

A

Chromosome

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2
Q

composition of Chromosome

A

DNA

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3
Q

T or F. Chromosome is long, thin, fragile, that doesn’t necessarily needs to be packaged

A

F (needs to be packaged to avoid breaking)

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4
Q

cycle of events that lead to the production of 2 daughter cells via cell division

A

Cell cycle

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5
Q

Phase: cell is not undergoing cell division yet, it is only preparing for it

A

INTERphase

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6
Q

Phase: the cells are resting but metabolically active

A

G0

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7
Q

Phase: The cell is planning to divide which prepares for the replication of DNA

A

G1

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8
Q

Phase: replication and synthesis of DNA

A

S

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9
Q

Phase: preparation towards mitotic division

A

G2

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10
Q

T or F. In G1 phase, the chromosome is now 2 double-stranded DNA molecules (aka dyad) and held together by a centromere.

A

F (G2)

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11
Q

Chromosome w/ one DNA is called?

A

monad or one chromatid

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12
Q

single DNA that has replicated is now called?

A

dyad or 2 sister chromatids

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13
Q

How to make the DNA compact?

A

needs to associate with histones

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14
Q

T or F. An archea’s DNA can only be compact when it is associated with proteins called histones

A

F (histones are not present in prokaryotes)

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15
Q

This are proteins rich in positively (+) charged lysine and arginine residues which bind to the negatively (-) charged phosphates (PO4) of DNA

A

Histones

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16
Q

What are the residues/amino acids present in histones?

A

lysine and arginine

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17
Q

T or F. Non-histone proteins are involves in transcription factors and chromosome packing.

A

F (transcription factors only)

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18
Q

regulates the transcription of a gene

A

non-histones

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19
Q

T or F. Histones regulates which part of the DNA will be transcribed after associating with the promoter sites of the gene

A

F (non-histone)

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20
Q

At what phase where we’ll be able to see a dyad?

A

Metaphase

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21
Q

lowest level in chromosome packing

A

nucleosome

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22
Q

How many base pairs of DNA wrapped 1 and 3/4 times around a core of 8 histone proteins?

A

150

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23
Q

nucleosomes coil into 30nm?

A

chromatin fiber

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24
Q

T or F. The chromatin fiber exists even during interphase although not very visible under a microscope.

A

T

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25
Q

during division, the chromatin fibers are attached in loops of variable size to a?

A

protein scaffold

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26
Q

T or F. Further coiling yields the most compact structure that is seen during the telophase.

A

F (metaphase)

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27
Q

our 2 chromosomes are derived from?

A

1 from the father and 1 from the mother

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28
Q

T or F. The homologous pair have similar DNA sequences with slight variation (not identical).

A

T

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29
Q

Chromatids that have similar DNA sequences with slight variation (not identical)

A

Homologous pair

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30
Q

chromatids formed during the?

A

S phase

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31
Q

→ they have genetically-identical DNA sequences

A

sister chromatids

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32
Q

chromatids from different homologs; not generally-identical

A

non-sister chromatids

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33
Q

short-arm of the chromosome

A

P (etit)

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34
Q

long-arm of the chromosome

A

Q (ueue)

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35
Q

divides the chromosome into the 2 arms

A

Cen (tromere)

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36
Q

has a repeated sequence of TTAGGG

A

ter or telomere

37
Q

What classification these all help in locating where a particular gene is located within the chromosome

38
Q

T or F. the number after the region signifies what chromosome it is.

A

T (region 7 is from chromosome 7)

39
Q

T or F. The regions after the arms (p or q) are counted starting from the centromere (count outwards from the center)

40
Q

T or F. the bigger numbers after the arms indicate the specific region (e.g. 32.1 is part of the 3rd region chromosome 7’s q-arm)

A

F (smaller)

41
Q

the next smaller numbers are called?

A

bands (labeled as p11, p12, p13, etc. (are read as p-one-one)

42
Q

T or F. proximal 7q means that segment of the long arm of chromosome 7 farthest to the centromere

A

F (closest)

43
Q

T or F. distal 7p means that segment of the short arm of chromosome 7 farthest from the telomere and closest to the centromere

A

F (opposite; far sa cen and closest sa ter)

44
Q

T or F. there are no telocentric chromosomes in human DNA, only metacentric, submetacentric, and acrocentric ones

45
Q

the p and q are equal length

A

metacentric

46
Q

no p arm

A

telocentric

47
Q

p arm is very short and q is longest

A

acrocentric

48
Q

the centromere is off the center, the p has a shorter arm and q has a longer arm

A

submetacentric

49
Q

secondary constrictions that do not stain; they seem to be detached from the chromosome but are still loosely attached to the p-arm since they are very thin

A

chromosomes w/ satellites

50
Q

what chromosomes have signal (satellite)?

tawa ka muna bago sagot

A

13, 14, 15, 21, and 22

51
Q

T or F. Chromosomes w/ satellites are mostly acrocentric

52
Q

somatic cells contain?

A

44 are autosomal and 2 are sex chromosomes (sperm or egg)

53
Q

sex cells contain?

A

22 autosomes plus 1 sex chromosome

54
Q

T or F. The karyogram shows the systematic arrangement of chromosomes from the largest to the smallest autosomes while sex cells are separate.

55
Q

chromosomes of male and female

A

males have XY chromosomes while females have XX chromosomes

56
Q

the presence of the Y chromosome confers

57
Q

The X chromosome has how many genes?

58
Q

each gene (even if recessive in females) will be expressed in males

A

sex-linked or x-linked genes

59
Q

X-linked Genes (Recessive): H is normal; h is mutant

A

disease does not manifest

60
Q

X-linked Genes (Recessive): homozygous (hh)

A

disease manifests

61
Q

T or F. If a mutation occurs in males, they would manifest the disease as there is only 1 copy of the X chromosome which is affected by the mutation.

62
Q

X-linked Genes (Dominant): if heterozygous (Ff)

A

disease manifests

63
Q

X-linked Genes (Dominant): if homozygous (ff)

A

disease does not manifest

64
Q

X-linked genes (dominant): homozygous mutant (FF)

A

disease manifests

65
Q

smaller than the X chromosome as it contains fewer genes (only 55)

66
Q

most are directly involved in male fertility

67
Q

This chromosomes has few traits as these diseases are rare

68
Q

NOT expressed in either sex chromosomes

A

Pseudoautosomal Regions (PAR)

69
Q

located at the tips near the telomere

70
Q

contains autosomal genes (can be found in chromosomes 1-22) homologous to sequences found in the X chromosome

71
Q

T or F. PAR are essential for X and Y pairing and crossing over during mitosis.

A

F (meiosis)

72
Q

X-inactivation AKA

A

lyonization (dahil kay Marl Lyon)

73
Q

the presence of a double dose in gene products which have lethal consequences especially to the female

A

lethal gene dosage

74
Q

the inactivated X chromosome becomes small and compact which indicates that the chromosome is inactive (can be the X chromosome from the mother or father)

75
Q

At what stage is the Barr body seen?

A

interphase

76
Q

it allows the female to have only 1 functional X chromosome to prevent the double dose

77
Q

T or F. Lyonization occurs to both sex.

A

F (females)

78
Q

the inactivation occurs by adding?

A

methyl group to certain regions of the DNA (methylation)

79
Q

inactive and cannot be expressed

A

methylated DNA

80
Q

T or F. X-inactivation occurs AFTER fertilization (early embryonic stage) ONLY in somatic cells.

81
Q

different cells of a person have different genetic compositions

82
Q

T or F. Inactivation occurs when mutations occur at different tissues at different stages of development

A

F (mosaicism)

83
Q

may also involve autosomes or chromosomes

84
Q

most likely to occur in females because of the 2 copies of X chromosomes (some parts will be normal while some abnormal)

A

sex-linked mosaicism

85
Q

T or F. males will express the mutation PARTIALLY because of the single X chromosome.

86
Q

one allele of a pair is present (males have one copy of the X chromosome)

A

hemizygous

87
Q

T or F. X chromosome for males can be classified as hetero or homozygous.

A

F (hemi lang)

Cytogenetics (18 decks)

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