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(P) Lesson 2: Human Chromosome Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules that carry genes

A

Chromosome

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2
Q

composition of Chromosome

A

DNA

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3
Q

T or F. Chromosome is long, thin, fragile, that doesn’t necessarily needs to be packaged

A

F (needs to be packaged to avoid breaking)

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4
Q

cycle of events that lead to the production of 2 daughter cells via cell division

A

Cell cycle

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5
Q

Phase: cell is not undergoing cell division yet, it is only preparing for it

A

INTERphase

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6
Q

Phase: the cells are resting but metabolically active

A

G0

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7
Q

Phase: The cell is planning to divide which prepares for the replication of DNA

A

G1

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8
Q

Phase: replication and synthesis of DNA

A

S

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9
Q

Phase: preparation towards mitotic division

A

G2

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10
Q

T or F. In G1 phase, the chromosome is now 2 double-stranded DNA molecules (aka dyad) and held together by a centromere.

A

F (G2)

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11
Q

Chromosome w/ one DNA is called?

A

monad or one chromatid

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12
Q

single DNA that has replicated is now called?

A

dyad or 2 sister chromatids

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13
Q

How to make the DNA compact?

A

needs to associate with histones

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14
Q

T or F. An archea’s DNA can only be compact when it is associated with proteins called histones

A

F (histones are not present in prokaryotes)

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15
Q

This are proteins rich in positively (+) charged lysine and arginine residues which bind to the negatively (-) charged phosphates (PO4) of DNA

A

Histones

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16
Q

What are the residues/amino acids present in histones?

A

lysine and arginine

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17
Q

T or F. Non-histone proteins are involves in transcription factors and chromosome packing.

A

F (transcription factors only)

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18
Q

regulates the transcription of a gene

A

non-histones

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19
Q

T or F. Histones regulates which part of the DNA will be transcribed after associating with the promoter sites of the gene

A

F (non-histone)

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20
Q

At what phase where we’ll be able to see a dyad?

A

Metaphase

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21
Q

lowest level in chromosome packing

A

nucleosome

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22
Q

How many base pairs of DNA wrapped 1 and 3/4 times around a core of 8 histone proteins?

A

150

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23
Q

nucleosomes coil into 30nm?

A

chromatin fiber

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24
Q

T or F. The chromatin fiber exists even during interphase although not very visible under a microscope.

A

T

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25
during division, the chromatin fibers are attached in loops of variable size to a?
protein scaffold
26
T or F. Further coiling yields the most compact structure that is seen during the telophase.
F (metaphase)
27
our 2 chromosomes are derived from?
1 from the father and 1 from the mother
28
T or F. The homologous pair have similar DNA sequences with slight variation (not identical).
T
29
Chromatids that have similar DNA sequences with slight variation (not identical)
Homologous pair
30
chromatids formed during the?
S phase
31
→ they have genetically-identical DNA sequences
sister chromatids
32
chromatids from different homologs; not generally-identical
non-sister chromatids
33
short-arm of the chromosome
P (etit)
34
long-arm of the chromosome
Q (ueue)
35
divides the chromosome into the 2 arms
Cen (tromere)
36
has a repeated sequence of TTAGGG
ter or telomere
37
What classification these all help in locating where a particular gene is located within the chromosome
region
38
T or F. the number after the region signifies what chromosome it is.
T (region 7 is from chromosome 7)
39
T or F. The regions after the arms (p or q) are counted starting from the centromere (count outwards from the center)
T
40
T or F. the bigger numbers after the arms indicate the specific region (e.g. 32.1 is part of the 3rd region chromosome 7’s q-arm)
F (smaller)
41
the next smaller numbers are called?
bands (labeled as p11, p12, p13, etc. (are read as p-one-one)
42
T or F. proximal 7q means that segment of the long arm of chromosome 7 farthest to the centromere
F (closest)
43
T or F. distal 7p means that segment of the short arm of chromosome 7 farthest from the telomere and closest to the centromere
F (opposite; far sa cen and closest sa ter)
44
T or F. there are no telocentric chromosomes in human DNA, only metacentric, submetacentric, and acrocentric ones
T
45
the p and q are equal length
metacentric
46
no p arm
telocentric
47
p arm is very short and q is longest
acrocentric
48
the centromere is off the center, the p has a shorter arm and q has a longer arm
submetacentric
49
secondary constrictions that do not stain; they seem to be detached from the chromosome but are still loosely attached to the p-arm since they are very thin
chromosomes w/ satellites
50
what chromosomes have signal (satellite)? tawa ka muna bago sagot
13, 14, 15, 21, and 22
51
T or F. Chromosomes w/ satellites are mostly acrocentric
F (all)
52
somatic cells contain?
44 are autosomal and 2 are sex chromosomes (sperm or egg)
53
sex cells contain?
22 autosomes plus 1 sex chromosome
54
T or F. The karyogram shows the systematic arrangement of chromosomes from the largest to the smallest autosomes while sex cells are separate.
T
55
chromosomes of male and female
males have XY chromosomes while females have XX chromosomes
56
the presence of the Y chromosome confers
maleness
57
The X chromosome has how many genes?
900
58
each gene (even if recessive in females) will be expressed in males
sex-linked or x-linked genes
59
X-linked Genes (Recessive): H is normal; h is mutant
disease does not manifest
60
X-linked Genes (Recessive): homozygous (hh)
disease manifests
61
T or F. If a mutation occurs in males, they would manifest the disease as there is only 1 copy of the X chromosome which is affected by the mutation.
T
62
X-linked Genes (Dominant): if heterozygous (Ff)
disease manifests
63
X-linked Genes (Dominant): if homozygous (ff)
disease does not manifest
64
X-linked genes (dominant): homozygous mutant (FF)
disease manifests
65
smaller than the X chromosome as it contains fewer genes (only 55)
Y
66
most are directly involved in male fertility
Y
67
This chromosomes has few traits as these diseases are rare
Y-linked
68
NOT expressed in either sex chromosomes
Pseudoautosomal Regions (PAR)
69
located at the tips near the telomere
PAR 1 & 2
70
contains autosomal genes (can be found in chromosomes 1-22) homologous to sequences found in the X chromosome
PAR
71
T or F. PAR are essential for X and Y pairing and crossing over during mitosis.
F (meiosis)
72
X-inactivation AKA
lyonization (dahil kay Marl Lyon)
73
the presence of a double dose in gene products which have lethal consequences especially to the female
lethal gene dosage
74
the inactivated X chromosome becomes small and compact which indicates that the chromosome is inactive (can be the X chromosome from the mother or father)
Barr body
75
At what stage is the Barr body seen?
interphase
76
it allows the female to have only 1 functional X chromosome to prevent the double dose
Barr Body
77
T or F. Lyonization occurs to both sex.
F (females)
78
the inactivation occurs by adding?
methyl group to certain regions of the DNA (methylation)
79
inactive and cannot be expressed
methylated DNA
80
T or F. X-inactivation occurs AFTER fertilization (early embryonic stage) ONLY in somatic cells.
T
81
different cells of a person have different genetic compositions
mosaicism
82
T or F. Inactivation occurs when mutations occur at different tissues at different stages of development
F (mosaicism)
83
may also involve autosomes or chromosomes
mosaicism
84
most likely to occur in females because of the 2 copies of X chromosomes (some parts will be normal while some abnormal)
sex-linked mosaicism
85
T or F. males will express the mutation PARTIALLY because of the single X chromosome.
F (fully)
86
one allele of a pair is present (males have one copy of the X chromosome)
hemizygous
87
T or F. X chromosome for males can be classified as hetero or homozygous.
F (hemi lang)
88

Cytogenetics (18 decks)

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