Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cytogenetics > (M) Cytogenic techniques (manual based) > Flashcards

(M) Cytogenic techniques (manual based) Flashcards

1
Q

study of the physical size and structure of chromosomes

A

cytogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A specialized laboratory discipline that examines the structure and behavior of chromosomes at the cellular level

A

cytogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which phase is the best for studying the physical characteristics of chromosomes

A

cell cultures that are halted near metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why are cell cultures halted near metaphase the best for studying the physical characteristics of chromosomes

A

chromosomes are most compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the chromosomes stained in the form of?

(cell cultures haltd near metaphase)

A

dyads or bivalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

study of ______ _______ ______ and number can be vital for understanding a variety of genetic abnormalities that are produced by mutations that alter chromosomes

A

normal chromosome structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two techniques used to visualize chromosome changes

A
  1. classical / standard cytogenic method
  2. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

this method allows visualization of loss or gain of genetic material that contains at least 4 megabases of DNA

A

classical / standard cytogenic method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DNA needs to contain at least how many bases for standard cytogenetic method?

A

4 megabases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This is the gold standard in providing a whole genome scan

A

standard cytogenic method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does classical cytogenetics require

A

viable, nucleated cells in cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how long are the nucleated cells cultured for classical cytogenetics?

A

one day to two or more weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T or F

All abnormalities can be detected using the classical cytogenetic technique as it has the best microscopic resolutions

A

F ( certain abnormalities may not be detected due to limitations in microscopic resolutions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This visualization method allows much smaller changes in chromosomes to be seen

A

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the principal molecular technique currently used in the clinical lab?

A

Fluorescent in situ hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the other name for FISH?

A

molecular cytogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was FISH originally developed for?

A

to enhance the resolution of chromosome observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This is the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of an organism

A

Karyotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how many somatic pairs of chromosomes do we have

A

22 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how many pairs of chromosome do humans have in total?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many pairs of sex chromosomes do we have?

A

one pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F

Changes in karyotype is indifferent with the changes of the phenotype of the individual

A

F (it is correlated with the changes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how are the different types of chromosomes distinguished?

A

using dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do dark bands represent

A

heterochromatins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T or F

heterochromatins are rich in protein-encoding genes

A

F (have few protein-encoding genes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do you call the light bands / staining

A

euchromatins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do euchromatins contain

A

active genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how are chromosomes identified

(3)

A
  1. based on their length
  2. banding patterns
  3. location of centromere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how are chromosomes arranged in a karyotype

A

from largest to smallest, followed by sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A routine specimen for most cytogenetic studies of adults and children

A

heparinized peripheral blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how is heparinized peripheral blood sample obtained?

A

standard phlebotomy technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the handling and transport condition for heparinized peripheral blood smear?

A

room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

used for studying hematologic disorders as the sample is the origin of the disease

A

bone marrow aspirates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the handling and transport condition for bone marrow aspirates

A

room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

used for fibroblast cultures

A

skin biopsies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the handling and transport condition for skin biopsies

A

ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

These specimens are not routine, and are obtained after death or fetal loss

A

tissues like
* kidney
* liver
* muscle
* lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the handling and transport condition for kidney, liver, muscle, and lung

A

ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

two samples used for prenatal analysis

A

amniotic fluid
chorionic villus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the handling and transport condition for amniotic fluid

A

room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what the handling and transport condition for chorionic villus

A

room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

where is chorionic villus extracted from?

A

developing placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This sample is used for rapid karyotyping

A

fetal blood from umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the handling and transport condition for fetal blood

A

room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what type of technique should be done to collect the specimens mentioned in the table?

A

aseptic techniques

46
Q

What should be the temperature for the samples that needs to be iced?

A

4 degrees celsius

47
Q

use this to familiarize yourself with the steps of cell culture and harvesting

A
  1. cells are cultured using mitotic agents
  2. cell division is arrested at metaphase using a mitotic inhibitor like colcemid
  3. cells are swelled by applying a hypotonic buffer
  4. Swollen cells are fixed using a modified Carnoy’s fixative
  5. Cells cultured in suspension are spread on a glass slide by dropping at a certain height
  6. slides are air dried and are ready for staining
  7. cells are stained using Giemsa or other stains
  8. A photograph of the stained metaphase spread is taken through a microscope
  9. case report is made, may include a copy of the karyotype and sent to the referring physician
48
Q

substances that stimulates cells like lymphocytes to proliferate

A

mitotic agents (PHA)

49
Q

This agent prevents spindle fiber formation and damages those that are already present to prevent anaphase

A

colcemid

50
Q

example of hypotonic buffer

A

0.075 M KCl

51
Q

at what temp are cells swelled at with a hypotonic buffer and for how long?

A

37 degrees Celsius for 10-20 minutes

52
Q

This removes lipids and water molecules and denatures proteins

A

modified Carnoy’s fixative

53
Q

what is modified Carnoy’s fixative composed of?

A

3:1 absolute methanol: glacial acetic acid

54
Q

what are the slides subjected to, to improve the quality of staining

A

artificial aging

55
Q

at what temp is artificial aging and for how long

A

65 degrees Celsius for 30-60 minutes

56
Q

T or F

Single cell analysis showing abnormalities is conclusive

A

F (not conclusive)

57
Q

meaningful cytogenetic studies require analysis of how many cells?

A

15-20 cells

58
Q

how many cells showing loss of or extra same chromosome are needed to represent a true abnormality

A

two or more

59
Q

A special descriptive language for reporting classical cytogenetic and FISH results

A

International System of Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN)

60
Q

What stain is used for routine technique in staining chromosome spreads

A

Giemsa

61
Q

a positively charged dye that binds to the negatively charged DNA molecules

A

Giemsa

62
Q

What banding pattern does Giemsa produce

A

G-banding pattern

63
Q

What are chromosomes treated with before being stained with Giemsa?

A

trypsin

64
Q

What base pairs are heterochromatins rich in?

A

A-T base pairs

65
Q

what base pairs are euchromatins rich in?

A

G-C base pairs

66
Q

_______ segments of the genome replicate very late in the S phase of the cell cycle

A

heterochromatin

67
Q

banding technique that was the first to be developed

A

Q banding technique

68
Q

why was q banding technique replaced with g banding ?

A

due to short-lived fluoresence

69
Q

What are the chromosomes stained with in q banding technique?

A

fluorescent dye

70
Q

examples of fluorescent dye for q banding

A

Quinacrine
DAPI (4’,6-diamino-2-phenylindole) / Hoeschst 33258

71
Q

technique mainly applied for the rapid identification of the Y chromosome

A

Q banding

72
Q

what part of the y chromosome would fluoresce brightly when Q banding technique is used?

A

distal Q arm

73
Q

The reverse of the G banding pattern

A

R banding

74
Q

why do heterochromatins produce light colored bands in R banding?

A

AT-rich regions are denatured with heat

75
Q

What does R banding detect

A

deletion in the telomeres

76
Q

are telomeres light stained or dark stained in R banding?

A

dark

77
Q

are telomeres light stained or dark stained in G banding?

A

light

78
Q

this technique stains the telomeres by treating it with an alkali solution and staining with giemsa

A

T-banding

79
Q

Used to identify specific chromosomes

A

C-bands

80
Q

how are specific chromosomes identified in c banding?

A

using the location of their centromeres

81
Q

used to identify the presence of dicentric chromosomes

A

c-banding

82
Q

identifies telomeres

A

T-banding

83
Q

uses severe heat prior to staining

A

T-banding

84
Q

well-characterized fragment of nucleic acid

A

probe

85
Q

T or F

probes should be small to hybridize with its target

A

F (should be large enough)

86
Q

How are in situ hybridization assays labeled

A

with radioisotpes

87
Q

how are the radioisotopes visualized

A

exposure to x ray
or
autoradiography using a light microscope

88
Q

T or F

Probes can be applied to your chromosome spread

A

T

89
Q

used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes

A

FISH

90
Q

these bind only to parts of the chromosomes where they show a high degree of similarity

A

fluorescent probes

91
Q

What can fluorescence microscopy identify

A

aneuploidies, deletions, or translocations

92
Q

familiarize general FISH protocol

A
  1. slide preparation
  2. place probe on slide, cover with coverslip,
  3. denaturing step (75’C)
  4. hybridization (37’C)
  5. Detection using a Fluorescence microscope
93
Q

uses of FISH (3)

A

diagnosis
prognosis
Evaluate remission of a disease (cancer)

94
Q

T or F

classical cytogenetic techniques are more sensitive in detecting subtle changes in chromosome features

A

F (FISH)

95
Q

T or F

FISH distinguishes one disease from another

A

T

96
Q

T or F

classical cytogenetic techniques are more labor intensive compared to FISH

A

T

97
Q

T or F

FISH results can be quantified automatically

A

T

98
Q

T or F

classical cytogenetic technique detects diseased cells more easily

A

F (FISH)

99
Q

enumerate the 5 advanced application of FISH

A
  1. Whole chromosome painting
  2. Multicolor FISH
  3. SKY (spectral karyotyping)
  4. All-telomere FISH
  5. Comparative genomic hybridization
100
Q

this application of FISH uses many probes from a single chromosome and is good for seeing rearrangements

A

Whole chromosome painting

101
Q

application of FISH that uses a computer assisted system

A

Multicolor FISH

102
Q

Application of FISH that has multiple chromosomal aberrations

A

SKY

103
Q

Application of FISH that recognizes the six base repeat present at the ends of all chromosome

A

All-telomere FISH

104
Q

All telomer FISH confirms the presence or absence of _____

A

telomeric regions

105
Q

Application of FISH that involves co-hybridization of 2 DNA samples

A

comparative genomic hybridization

106
Q

this directly compares the DNA content of differentially labeled normal and tumor cell population by their co-hybridization to normal metaphase chromosome spreads

A

comparative genomic hybridization

107
Q

what does comparative genomic hybridization detect in a DNA sequence

A

CNV
Copy number variation

108
Q

The comparison of labeled normal and tumor cells by their hybridization to series of genomic DNA oligonucleotides aligned on a glass slides and serve as prbes

A

microarray hybridization

DNA chip technology

109
Q

how many features can be places on one solid surface

A

hundreds to thousands

110
Q

last card if ur a concrete sequential learner <3

A

magpakaryotype kayo bago kayo mang buntis / mag pa buntis

Cytogenetics (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions