p-col ch 16 test Flashcards
1
Q
ACE inhibitors
A
angiotensin -converting enzyme inhibitors, Lowers BP and protects the kidneys, commonly used to treat HTN
2
Q
Angina Pectoris
A
chest pain caused by lack of oxygen reaching heart
3
Q
Angiotensin receptors blockers (ARB)
A
blocks action of angiotensisn preventing constriction of blood vessels. typically used when ace inhibitors are not tolerated.
4
Q
Anoxia
A
total lack of oxygen
5
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
gradual buildup of plaque in the walls of arteries
6
Q
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
A
brain deprived of oxygen and blood flow for several minutes, caused by ischemia of the brain, major cause of death and disability.
7
Q
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
A
LONG TERM CONDITION WHERE HEAR CANNOT PUMP BLOOD EFFECTIVELY, LEADING TO NORMAL SUPPLY OF BLOOD BEING INSUFFICENT. THIS RESULTS IN FLUID ACCUMULATION IN THE LUNGS AND LEGS (LOWER EXTREMITIES)
8
Q
Contractillity
A
ability of heart to contract
9
Q
cyanosis
A
blue tint to the skin, partially around the mouth
10
Q
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
A
occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body.
11
Q
Dysrhythmias
A
heart rhythm irregularities cause HTN, cardiac valve disease, coronary artery disease, not lvl alterations, HF, Diabetes melliatus, stroke or MI, or certain medications.
12
Q
Embolus
A
clot that travels
13
Q
Hemostasis
A
stopping of blood flow
14
Q
High-Density lipoprotein (HDL)
A
lipoprotein of blood plasma that carries cholesterol back to your liver to be flushed out of your body.
15
Q
hypertension
A
high blood pressure, caused by poor heart action, atherosclerosis, kidney failure, narrowed blood vessels, chronic stress
16
Q
hyperliidemia
A
excess fat deposition wall of blood vessels
17
Q
Hypoxia
A
significantly reduced oxygen
18
Q
infarction
A
death
19
Q
ischemia
A
tissue injury
20
Q
Low Density lipoprotein (LDL)
A
deposits fat in vessels
21
Q
Myocardial infarction
A
heart attacks, stroke, and clots resulting in damage
22
Q
Pulomary circulation
A
heart sends blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery to obtain oxygen
23
Q
shock
A
collapse of cardiovascular system
24
Q
Thrombus
A
Clot in blood vessels
25
Very low density lipids (VLDL)
wedge themselves into blood vessel walls
26
Cardiovascular system medications work all of
the following ways EXCEPT:
Making the heart tissue more sensitive
27
The antiplatelet medication showing promise
in survival rates for MI patients is:
Aspirin
28
The electrolyte that is critical to the function of
the heart lost with diuretics is:
Potassium
29
The type of shock caused by invading
microorganisms is:
Septic
30
what is the function of loop diuretics?
inhibits NKCO2 Transporter, helps treat hyperglycemia, heart failure, liver impairment, pulmonary edema, and HTN
31
why are loop diuretics used in patients with heart failure?
Helps to prevent fluid building up in the body because heart failure causes fluid to build up.
32
how are loop diuretics affecting the fluid volume in the blood?
helps lower fluid volume by altering the sodium levels in the blood so the nephron wont absorb it
33
what condition is characterized by fluid volume in the blood?
pulmonary edema
34
how do loop diuretics treat hypercalcemia?
helps by stopping the reabsorption of calcium, inhibits the NKCO2 transporter and throughs atp reabsorption.
35
what is acomond side effect of loop diuretics relatied to potassium levels?
lowers potassium, so need supplementation, can cause hypokalemia.
36
why is it important to monitor a patients weight daily when they are on a loop diuretic?
water weight, and treatment failure. signifigant increase or drop in weight can show that the patient needs more fluid or less.
37
what dietary advides should be given to pt's on loop diuretics?
dont drink too much but still be hydrated because loop diuretics are there to lower fluid levels.
38
how can loop diuretics affect uric acid lvls in the body?
can increase uric acid whihc can lead to gout.
39
what precautions should be taken when administering loop diuretics intravenously to prevent ototoxicity?
slowly administering IV routes of loop diuretics.
40
what is the primary goal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Increases BP with Angiotensins 2
41
which substance is released by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to drop in blood pressure?
Releases renin
42
what role does angiotensin 2 play in the raas?
constricts vessels and increases blood volume. stimulate release of aldosterone
43
what is the function of aldosterone in the RAAS?
acts on kidneys which stimulates reabsorption of salt (NACL) and water (H2O).
44
which enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?
ACE (angiotensin Converting Enzyme)
45
where is the angiotensin- converting- enzyme (ACE) primarily found?
The Lungs
46
How does the RAAS increase blood volume?
stimulates kidneys to keep sodium, adrenal cortex produce aldosterone, goes to kidneys to retain sodium in water, which lowers potassium that kidneys excrete, then pituitary gland releases ADH - anti diuretic hormone then kidneys keep more water.
47
what effects does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the kidneys?
body retains more water
48
what is the effect of ACE inhibitors on the RAAS?
ACE inhibitors interfere with RAAS system. They block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, increases venous capacity, decreasing cardiac output, promoting urinary sodium and water excretion, and potassium retention.
49
what does ACE stand for in the ACE inhibitors?
Angiotensin converting enzyme
50
what is the primary function of ACE inhibitors?
Manage BP without raising Heart Rate
51
what is the effect of ACE inhibitors affect?
Lowers BP
52
what is the common suffix found in the names of ACE inhibitors?
-pril
53
how do ACE inhibitors affect the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?
-ACE inhibitors block the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
54
what is the role of bradykinin in the body, and how do ACE inhibitors affect it?
bradykinin dilates vessels, ACE I helps dilate vessels more lowering BP.
55
what side effect is commonly associated with the increase bradykinin levels dues to ACE inhibitors?
Persistent dry cough
56
what are the nursing responsibilities when administering ACE inhibitors?
Assess BP regularly, monitor potassium levels
57
what condition can ACE inhibitors cause that involves deep swelling of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues
angioedema
58
why is it important to monitor potassium levels in patients taking ACE inhibitors?
Because the potassium levels rise and cause hyper kalemia
59
what dietary advice should be given to patient taking ACE inhibitors?
avoid salt substitutes and foods that are rich with potassium.
60
what should patients do if they miss a dose of their ACE inhibitors medication?
if remember on day of take it if not just take regular dose next.
61
what does ARB stand for ?
Angiotensin's II receptor blockers
62
what is the common suffix found in the names of ARBS?
-sartan
63
how doe ARB's work in the body?
blocks activation of Angiotensin II receptor type I
64
which system does ARBS effect?
RAAS
65
what is the primary fumction of ARBS?
to blocks the resceptors site to decreassed blood volume (to manage blood pressure)
66
what are some examples of ARB'S?
valsartan, Olmesartan, telmisartan
67
what receptors do ARB'S block?
Angiotensin II receptors type I sites?
68
what effect do ARB'S have on blood vessels
vasodilation
69
how do ARBS affect blood volume
increases
70
why might a patient be switched from an ACE inhibitors to an ARB
dry cough from ACE
71
what conditions is related to diabetes can ARB'S help treat?
diabetic nephropathy patients, it helps slowed down in type II diabetic patients.
72
how do ARB'S help with heart failure?
decreases resistance making it easier for heart to pump lowers preload and lowers afterload
73
what are the nursing responsibilities when administering ARB'S?
assess BP and pulse routinely monitor potassium levels, renal failure, creatine levels increasing, and monitoring liver enzymes.
74
what side effects can ARB's cause?
dizziness, hypotension, increased potassium levels, and GI upset
75
what dietary advice should be given to patients taking ARB'S
Avoid salt substitutes with potassium or potassium rich diet
76
what should patients do if they miss a dose of their ARB medication?
take same day if they remember, only take schedules doses next day if forgotten.
77
The LPN is called into the room of a patient with known cardiac disease at 7:30 a.m. The
patient reports heavy pressure and chest pain. Which action by the nurse is best?
Provide the patient nitroglycerin sublingual scheduled prn.
78
The LPN is providing care for a patient in a rehab facility with angina pectoris and a prn
order for sublingual nitroglycerin up to three times in 30 minutes. The patient reports chest
pain, and her blood pressure (BP) is 155/72. Five minutes after administering Nitrostat, the
patient’s blood pressure is 124/60 and chest pain is not relieved. What action should the nurse
take next?
Provide a second dose of nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)
79
nurse working in the emergency department is assisting in the care of a patient who came in
with symptoms of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). As the team considers the use of
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the nurse recognizes the most important
assessment would be:
When the symptoms of stroke began
80
The LPN is reviewing the concept of cardiac output (CO). Which physiological response
would the nurse anticipate in a patient whose CO was decreased?
Decrease in blood pressure
81
A patient has been diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Which medication does the
nurse anticipate to be ordered?
Ferrous sulfate
82
The LPN is monitoring lab results for a patient receiving anticoagulant therapy. Which lab
finding provides the best estimate of the patient’s anticoagulation status?
INR - International normalized ratio standardized pts
83
The LPN is passing out morning medications, which include digoxin for a 68-year-old man
with congestive heart failure. The nurse notes that the patient’s BP is 112/68, pulse is 58, and
respirations are 18. Which action by the nurse is best?
Hold the medication and contact the RN.
84
The nurse is reviewing lab results for a patient on heparin therapy and notes an elevated
aPTT level. What is the first nursing action?
Administer protamine sulfate
85
The LPN is reviewing new orders prescribed by the health-care provider for a patient who has
elevated triglyceride levels. Which medication should the LPN anticipate that the health-care
provider will order?
Fenofibrate
86
The LPN is reviewing the patient’s medication profile. Which medication suggests a cardiac
condition?
Aspirin 325 mg
87
A patient is being treated with Coumadin status post deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Intake of
which food can lead to an increased risk of complications during the course of therapy?
Salad
88
A nurse is monitoring a postoperative orthopedic patient for repair of a right hip fracture. Which
order should the nurse question?
Aspirin by mouth (PO) every other day
89
The LPN is reviewing the treatment plan for a patient diagnosed with angina. Which observation,
if noted by the LPN, indicates that therapy has not been effective?
Patient has switched to vaping.
90
The nurse is monitoring a patient with a confirmed ventricular arrhythmia. Which medications
does the nurse anticipate being ordered? (Select all that apply.
digoxin, amiodarone, sotalol
91
The nurse would counsel patients to avoid aspirin-containing products if they were taking
which of the following medications? (Select all that apply.)
heparin, ticlopidine, tirofiban
92
A student nurse observing in an intensive care unit would expect albumin to be part of the
treatment plan for which of the following patients? (Select all that apply.)
A 25-year-old patient with second- and third-degree burns to 40% of his body, A 69-year-old patient with gastrointestinal bleeding, Chp 16_Cardiovascular Questions with bold.rtf.docx: Fall 24/25 Pharmacology
93
The nurse is taking a patient history from a 48-year-old female patient who is being evaluated
for cardiac issues. Which findings does the nurse attribute to a female cardiac presentation?
(Select all that apply.)
Fatigue over several days, Back discomfort, Shoulder discomfort, Feeling faint
94
