Oxygenation part 1

Question 1

What are the 3 steps of oxygenation?

Answer 1

1. Ventilation: moving glass into & out of the lungs
2. Perfusion: Ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues & return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
3. Diffusion: Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli & capillaries

Question 2

What are the first 2 mechanics of ventilation?

Answer 2

1. Work of breathing:
   - Effort required to expand & contract lungs
2. Use of accessory muscles:
   - Can increase lung volume
   - Prolonged use will result in FATIGUE

Question 3

How does oxygen transport? What are the regulation of respirations? And what influences capacity of blood to carry O2?

Answer 3

1. RBC transport oxygen in hemoglobin. SOO if a person is anemic (Low Hgb and Hct), that could impact their ability of the RBC to carry oxygen since u dont have enough hemoglobin to transport the oxygen
2. Regulation of Respirations:
3. Chemoreceptors sense & respond to changes in gas levels
   
   • Maintain Rate, Depth, and Rhythm of inhalation & exhalation
4. CNS (brainstem) alters breathing based on O2, CO2, and H+
5. What influences capacity of blood to carry O2?
   1) Amount of hemoglobin
   
   • Iron availability
     2) Ability of hemoglobin to bind with O2
     - Glucose
     - Chemicals
     3) Amount of dissolved O2 in the plasma

Question 4

What are the 2nd mechanics of ventilation?

Answer 4

1. Compliance
   - Ability of the lungs to expand in response to increased intraalveolar pressure
2. Resistance
   - Increase in pressure as the diameter of the airways decreases from mouth/nose to alveoli
3. When edema & swelling of the trachea/airway occur in response to virus/ bacteria, the airway is further removed

Question 5

what are the modifiable and non-modifiable cardiopulmonary risk factors?

Answer 5

Modifiable:
Dietary habits
Exercise
Smoking
Stress
Environment

Non-Modifiable:
Age
Familial History

Question 6

What are the 6 assessments of cardiopulmonary function?

Answer 6

1. Family history of cardiopulmonary disease
2. Meds history (prescription, OTC, herbal, recreational)
3. Alcohol & Tabacco use
4. Employment History
5. Home environment
6. Recent Travel history

Question 7

What are the 9 respiratory assessment to inspect?

Answer 7

1. Skin color
2. Capillary refill
3. Change in RR
4. Exertion with respiration
5. Symmetry of chest with respiration
6. Tracheal alignment
7. Barrel chest
8. Pursed lip breathing
9. Can they talk??

Question 8

What are the 8 breathing patterns?

Answer 8

1. Eupnea: Normal breathing (16-20 bmp)
2. Tachypnea: Fast (>35)
3. Bradypnea: SLow (<10)
4. Apnea: Normal breathing w/ periods of no breathing
5. HYPERpnea: Abnormally DEEP breathing
6. Orthopnea: Inability to breath deeply unless sitting in an upright position
7. Kussmaul: Fairly FAST (>35) but could be a little slower
8. Cheyne-Strokes: Variable patterns due to acid-base imbalance or renal failure

Question 9

What are the 2 things you palpate for respiratory assessment?

Answer 9

1. Capillary refill
2. SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA –> There’s AIR in the subcutaneous tissue & feels like RICE KRISPIES