oxygenation objectives - Sheet1 Flashcards
How does a client’s level of health affect tissue oxygenation?
A client’s level of health can impact oxygenation by influencing the oxygen carrying capacity of blood, lung function, and the body’s ability to extract oxygen from the blood. Chronic diseases like COPD, anemia, and smoking can lower oxygen levels.
How does age influence tissue oxygenation?
In children, an immature immune system increases the risk of respiratory infections. In the elderly, weakened immune function and conditions like kyphosis can impair oxygenation.
How does lifestyle influence tissue oxygenation?
Lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet, exercise, and substance abuse can affect lung health and oxygenation. Smoking increases CO2 retention and decreases O2 levels, while poor nutrition can lead to anemia, affecting oxygen transport.
What environmental factors influence tissue oxygenation?
Environmental factors such as air pollution, occupational exposure to harmful substances (e.g., asbestos), and poor air quality in urban areas can impair oxygenation.
What are the physiological factors that affect oxygenation?
Decreased O2 carrying capacity (e.g., anemia, sickle cell disease), increased CO2 (e.g., chronic exposure thickening the alveolar membrane), carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning, and ventilation/perfusion mismatch (e.g., airway obstruction, collapsed alveoli).
What conditions affect chest wall movement and impact oxygenation?
Conditions such as pregnancy, obesity, musculoskeletal abnormalities (e.g., scoliosis, kyphosis), trauma (e.g., rib fractures), tracheal obstruction, and neuromuscular diseases (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome) can impair chest wall movement and affect oxygenation.
What alterations in respiratory function affect oxygenation?
Conditions like hypoventilation (e.g., emphysema, COPD), hyperventilation (e.g., asthma, anxiety), and stress can impact the respiratory system and oxygenation.
How do chronic diseases like COPD and emphysema affect oxygenation?
COPD and emphysema cause air trapping, diaphragm flattening, and chronic CO2 retention, which thickens the alveolar membrane and slows gas exchange. High PaO2 can reduce respiratory drive.
What are the developmental factors influencing oxygenation in children and elderly?
Children are at higher risk of respiratory infections due to an immature immune system. Elderly individuals are at risk of respiratory infections due to weaker immune function and postural changes (e.g., kyphosis).
What health promotion strategies can help improve oxygenation?
Strategies include encouraging a healthy lifestyle, vaccinations (e.g., RSV for pregnant individuals, pneumococcal for children <5 and adults >65), smoking cessation, and educating about avoiding environmental pollutants.
What nursing interventions promote lung expansion and oxygenation?
Interventions include ambulation, positioning to optimize lung expansion, coughing and deep breathing, and incentive spirometry. Advanced techniques like mechanical ventilation, chest tubes, and breathing techniques (e.g., pursed lip breathing) also promote lung expansion.
What are the different breathing techniques that promote oxygenation?
Techniques like pursed lip breathing (to prevent alveolar collapse) and diaphragmatic breathing (to decrease respiratory rate and work of breathing) help improve lung function and oxygenation.
How does hydration support oxygenation?
Hydration (1500-2000 mL/day) helps thin respiratory secretions, making them easier to clear and improving oxygenation.
What is postural drainage and how does it help oxygenation?
Postural drainage uses gravity to help drain secretions from the lungs, facilitating better lung expansion and improving oxygenation.
What is the purpose of incentive spirometry and how does it support oxygenation?
Incentive spirometry encourages deep breathing, expanding the lungs, and improving oxygenation, especially after surgery. It is used to prevent atelectasis and promote lung expansion.
What are some interventions to promote effective use of incentive spirometry?
Encourage frequent attempts, teach cough-control techniques, administer pain relief if necessary, and provide suction assistance if needed.
What are the different oxygen delivery systems used for home care?
Oxygen delivery systems include cylinders, liquid oxygen (compact, good for ambulatory clients), oxygen concentrators (removes nitrogen from air, cost-effective), and compressed gas (only lasts a few hours).
What are the safety precautions for oxygen therapy?
Oxygen therapy safety includes avoiding smoking, ensuring no sparks near the oxygen source, securing tanks, and ensuring sufficient tubing length. Always check oxygen levels before transport.
How does an oral airway prevent airway obstruction?
An oral airway prevents airway obstruction by displacing the tongue away from the oropharynx, allowing airflow.
How do you measure the correct size for an oral airway?
Measure the distance from the corner of the mouth to the angle of the jaw just below the ear. A size that is too large may force the tongue toward the epiglottis, obstructing the airway, while a size that is too small may not keep the tongue in the anterior portion of the mouth.
How is an oral airway inserted and positioned?
Insert the oral airway by turning the curve towards the cheek and placing it over the tongue. The opening of the airway should rest on the lips and extend toward the oropharynx.
What are the indications for home oxygen therapy?
Home oxygen therapy is indicated for an arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) of 88% or less at rest, during exertion, or with exercise. It is beneficial for patients with chronic cardiopulmonary disease and can be administered via nasal cannula or face mask.
What are the safety concerns with home oxygen therapy?
Safety concerns include fire hazard (oxygen supports combustion), the need to register with an emergency shelter, and avoiding smoking around the oxygen supply.
What is the oxygen flow and concentration of a nasal cannula?
Flow: Up to 6 L/min. Oxygen concentration: 24-40% O2. Each liter adds ~3-4% O2.
What is the function of a high-flow nasal cannula?
Flow: Up to 10 L/min, delivering 35-45% O2. It is humidified and heated to body temperature. The flow rate is adjusted to maintain target oxygen saturation, and the prongs should not fully occlude the nares.
What are the key points about a simple face mask?
Flow rate: 6-12 L/min, delivering 35%-50% O2. Must have a flow rate >5 L/min to avoid rebreathing CO2. Suitable for short-term oxygen therapy. Skin breakdown may occur under the mask.
What is a face tent, and when is it used?
A face tent is used for patients who are claustrophobic. Flow rate: 8-12 L/min, delivering 28%-100% O2. It requires humidification, but oxygen concentration cannot be precisely controlled.
What is the difference between a partial rebreather and a nonrebreather mask?
A partial rebreather mask delivers 60%-90% O2 (flow rate: 10-15 L/min) and allows mixing with room air. A nonrebreather mask delivers 60%-100% O2 (flow rate: 10-15 L/min) and has a one-way valve to prevent room air intake, with the oxygen reservoir bag providing O2.
What is the purpose of a Venturi mask?
The Venturi mask delivers 24%-60% O2 (flow rate: 4-12 L/min) and provides more precise oxygen concentration. It has a flow meter regulator and is used for more controlled oxygen delivery.
What is a Bag Mask Valve used for?
A Bag Mask Valve is used for manual resuscitation, delivering high-concentration oxygen during procedures, resuscitation, or ventilation support. It includes a mask, self-inflating bag for compression, and an O2 port.
What are the nurse responsibilities when applying an oxygen-delivery device?
Nurses should assess the patient’s respiratory system and response to oxygen therapy, set up the oxygen therapy, and adjust flow rates. They must provide direction to UAPs and monitor for any changes in vital signs, SpO2, consciousness, or skin irritation.
