Oxygenation Flashcards
The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
Exchange of respiratory gases in alveoli and capillaries.
Ventilation
Diffusion, occurs at the alveolar capillary membrane
The ability of the CV system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and the return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Perfusion
Central nervous system controls the respiratory rated depth, and rhythm. Cerebral cortex regulates the voluntary control of respiration
Neural regulation
Normal lung function. Rise in CO2 is the stimulus to breathe.
Chemical regulation
In COPD, what are the levels of O2 and CO2 like?
High levels of CO2
Stimulated by low levels of O2
Lung volumes are?
Tidal, residual, forced vital capacity
What’s involved in the work of breathing?
The effort required to expand and contract the lungs, inspiration and expiration, surfactant, atelectasis, compliance, airway resistance
Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange.
Pulmonary circulation
Hgb carries oxygen
What are physiological factors that affect oxygenation?
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, hypovolemia, decreased inspired oxygen concentration, increased metabolic rate
What conditions affect chest wall movement?
Pregnancy, obesity, neuromuscular disease, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, neuromuscular disease, CNS alterations
Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide.
Hypoventilation
Ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism
Hyperventilation
Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level.
Blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
Hypoxia
Cyanosis
What could cause alterations in cardiac functioning?
Disturbances in conduction, alterations in cardiac output, impaired valvular function, myocardial ischemia
What assessments are made for people with inadequate oxygenation?
Cardiopulmonary physical assessment.
Diagnostic/lab testing: CXR, O2 saturation, pulmonary function, ABG, sputum specimens, lung scan, thoracentesis, bronchoscopy
What are examples of artificial airways?
Oral airway, endotracheal tube, tracheostomy tube
What are early signs of hypoxia?
Restlessness, tachypnea, pallor, hypertension, use of accessory muscles, tachycardia (early sign of body adaptation)
What are late signs of hypoxia?
Extreme restlessness, severe dyspnea, confusion and stupor, cyanosis, bradypnea, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias
What interventions can be used for a patient with ineffective airway clearance?
TCDB, incentive spirometry, patient positioning/activity, hydration/humidification, nebulization/meds, chest physiotherapy, suctioning, nutrition
A collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Atelectasis
Loss of the elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax?
Advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD.
What causes compliance of the lungs to decrease?
Pulmonary edema, interstitial and pleural fibrosis, congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities such as my kyphosis or fractured ribs
The amount of air exhaled following a normal inspiration.
The amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration.
Tidal volume
Residual volume
The maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration.
Forced vital capacity
Increased thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane does what? What causes this?
Impedes diffusion because gases take longer to transfer across the membrane.
Pulmonary edema, pulmonary infiltrates, or pulmonary effusion, chronic and acute diseases like emphysema and pneumothorax, surgical processes
What three things influence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen?
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the plasma, the amount of hemoglobin, and the ability of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen
Neural regulation of respiration? Voluntary?
CNS control of respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm. Cerebral cortex regulates the voluntary control.
Chemical regulation maintains the appropriate rate and depth of respirations based on?
Changes in CO2, O2, H+ concentration (pH) in the blood.
Stimulates chemoreceptors located in the medulla, aortic body, and carotid body.
