Oxygenation

Question 1

The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Exchange of respiratory gases in alveoli and capillaries.

Answer 1

Ventilation

Diffusion, occurs at the alveolar capillary membrane

Question 2

The ability of the CV system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and the return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 2

Perfusion

Question 3

Central nervous system controls the respiratory rated depth, and rhythm. Cerebral cortex regulates the voluntary control of respiration

Answer 3

Neural regulation

Question 4

Normal lung function. Rise in CO2 is the stimulus to breathe.

Answer 4

Chemical regulation

Question 5

In COPD, what are the levels of O2 and CO2 like?

Answer 5

High levels of CO2

Stimulated by low levels of O2

Question 6

Lung volumes are?

Answer 6

Tidal, residual, forced vital capacity

Question 7

What’s involved in the work of breathing?

Answer 7

The effort required to expand and contract the lungs, inspiration and expiration, surfactant, atelectasis, compliance, airway resistance

Question 8

Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange.

Answer 8

Pulmonary circulation

Hgb carries oxygen

Question 9

What are physiological factors that affect oxygenation?

Answer 9

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, hypovolemia, decreased inspired oxygen concentration, increased metabolic rate

Question 10

What conditions affect chest wall movement?

Answer 10

Pregnancy, obesity, neuromuscular disease, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, neuromuscular disease, CNS alterations

Question 11

Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide.

Answer 11

Hypoventilation

Question 12

Ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism

Answer 12

Hyperventilation

Question 13

Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level.

Blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.

Answer 13

Hypoxia

Cyanosis

Question 14

What could cause alterations in cardiac functioning?

Answer 14

Disturbances in conduction, alterations in cardiac output, impaired valvular function, myocardial ischemia

Question 15

What assessments are made for people with inadequate oxygenation?

Answer 15

Cardiopulmonary physical assessment.
Diagnostic/lab testing: CXR, O2 saturation, pulmonary function, ABG, sputum specimens, lung scan, thoracentesis, bronchoscopy

Question 16

What are examples of artificial airways?

Answer 16

Oral airway, endotracheal tube, tracheostomy tube

Question 17

What are early signs of hypoxia?

Answer 17

Restlessness, tachypnea, pallor, hypertension, use of accessory muscles, tachycardia (early sign of body adaptation)

Question 18

What are late signs of hypoxia?

Answer 18

Extreme restlessness, severe dyspnea, confusion and stupor, cyanosis, bradypnea, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias

Question 19

What interventions can be used for a patient with ineffective airway clearance?

Answer 19

TCDB, incentive spirometry, patient positioning/activity, hydration/humidification, nebulization/meds, chest physiotherapy, suctioning, nutrition

Question 20

A collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Answer 20

Atelectasis

Question 21

Loss of the elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax?

Answer 21

Advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD.

Question 22

What causes compliance of the lungs to decrease?

Answer 22

Pulmonary edema, interstitial and pleural fibrosis, congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities such as my kyphosis or fractured ribs

Question 23

The amount of air exhaled following a normal inspiration.

The amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration.

Answer 23

Tidal volume

Residual volume

Question 24

The maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration.

Answer 24

Forced vital capacity

Question 25

Increased thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane does what? What causes this?

Answer 25

Impedes diffusion because gases take longer to transfer across the membrane.
Pulmonary edema, pulmonary infiltrates, or pulmonary effusion, chronic and acute diseases like emphysema and pneumothorax, surgical processes

Question 26

What three things influence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen?

Answer 26

The amount of dissolved oxygen in the plasma, the amount of hemoglobin, and the ability of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen

Question 27

Neural regulation of respiration? Voluntary?

Answer 27

CNS control of respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm. Cerebral cortex regulates the voluntary control.

Question 28

Chemical regulation maintains the appropriate rate and depth of respirations based on?

Answer 28

Changes in CO2, O2, H+ concentration (pH) in the blood.

Stimulates chemoreceptors located in the medulla, aortic body, and carotid body.