Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 238 > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Angina?

A

A clinical manifestation of reversible myocardial ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes Chronic Stable Angina?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the term for when heart muscle demands more oxygen than it is supplied?

A

Ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In ischemic conditions, how long will cardiac cells last?

A

20 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

At what percentage do blocked arteries generally begin causing pain?

A

75% blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long must a coronary occlusion last before the myocardium becomes hypoxic?

A

10 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If an occlusion lasts longer than 10 seconds, what happens?

A

Anaerobic metabolism begins, which build lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does anaerobic metabolism cause pain?

A

Lactic acid irritates the myocardial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does the pain “radiate” to the shoulders or arms?

A

Because the myocardial nerve trasmits a pain message to the cardiac nerves and the upper thoracic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the PQRST chest pain assessment stand for?

A 
P = precipitating events
Q = quality of pain
R = radiation of pain
S = severity of pain
T = timing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pain from chronic stable angina is usually NOT characterized how?

A

Sharp or stabbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What would an EKG show in the event of an event of angina?

A

ST depression or T wave inversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Patients with what disease are most like to have silent ischemia?

A

Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is chest pain at night called?

A

Nocturnal angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is chest pain when lying down called?

A

Decubitus angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Prinzmetal’s Angina?

A

Angina at rest due to coronary artery spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the primary treatment of Prinzmetal’s angina?

A

Calcium channel blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is microvascular angina?

A

Angina from myocardial ischemia due to abnormalities or blockages of the coronary microcirculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who does microvascular angina primarily affect?

A

Women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the “first line of therapy” for treatment of angina?

A

Short-acting nitrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What should a patient on short acting nitrates be told?

A
  • it causes a headache
  • protect the bottle from light
  • replace bottle every 6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is ABC major treatment of Chronic Stable Angina?

A 
A = Anticoagulant, Antianginal, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.
B = Beta-blockers and blood pressure meds.
C = Cigarette-cessation, Calcium channel blockers and cholesterol management.
D = Diet and diabetes control.
E = Education and exercise
F = Flu vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What class of drugs all end with “lol”?

A

Beta-blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

People with what pre-existing condition should not take Beta-blockers?

A

Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

A

They prevent angiotensin I from converting to angiotensin II

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of a calcium channel blocker?

A

They prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, causing smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation of the coronary arteries (which improves blood flow)

27
Q

What are common Calcium channel blockers?

A

Norvasc, Cardizem, Plendil, Procardia and Calan

28
Q

What is the effect of Digoxin?

A

Reduced HR and increased contractility

29
Q

What is a “sodium current inhibitor”?

A

Given to pt’s who do not respond to other therapies; inhibits Na+ current

30
Q

What caution should be taken with a Sodium channel blocker?

A

Do not give with drugs which prolong the QT interval

31
Q

What symptoms are classic of infective endocarditis?

A

Osler nodes, Janeway lesions, splinter hemmorhages and Roth’s spots

32
Q

What is a “Osler node”?

A

Painful, pea-sized, red or purple lesions on the fingertips and/or toes

33
Q

What is a “Janeway lesion”?

A

Flat, painless, small red spot on the palms and soles of the feet

34
Q

What is the “hallmark sign” of acute pericarditis?

A

Pericardial friction rub

35
Q

What is the most common etiological agent of Myocarditis?

A

Coxsackie A and B virus

36
Q

Arthralgia and sucutaneous nodules are indicative of what disease?

A

Rheumatic fever

37
Q

What is mitral valve regurgitation?

A

mitral valve regurgitation is when your heart’s mitral valve doesn’t close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward in your heart.

38
Q

What are the systemic effects of mitral valve regurgitation?

A

blood can’t move through your heart or to the rest of your body as efficiently, making you feel tired or out of breath.

39
Q

What additional hearts sounds does mitral valve regurg cause?

A

A loud holosystolic murmur at the apex of the heart radiating to the left axilla, and an audible S3

40
Q

What is mitral valve stenosis?

A

The valve opening narrows, preventing adequate blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

41
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse?

A

The valve leaflets bulge up (prolapse) into the left atrium on systole; it may progress to mitral regurgitation

42
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

The aortic valve stiffens and narrows, obstructing the outflow of blood from the left ventricle on systole

43
Q

What is aortic regurgitation?

A

Regurgitation of blood from the aorta back into the left ventricle in diastole

44
Q

What body position relieves pain in a patient with Myocarditis?

A

Sitting up

45
Q

Which manifestation should the nurse expect when taking the health history of a patient with aortic stenosis?

A

Angina

46
Q

What are clinical manifestations of chronic mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Fatigue, dyspnea, and weakness

47
Q

The names of medications in what drug class all end in “pril”?

A

ACE inhibitors

48
Q

What are “Aschoff’s bodies”?

A

Nodules formed in response to inflammation from Rheumatic Fever; it forms scar tissue and thickens the layers of the heart (ultimately can cause HF)

49
Q

What are the clinical findings of Rhematic fever?

A
  • arthritis
  • Sydenham’s chorea (CNS; sudden, jerky movements)
  • Erythema marginatum
  • Subcutaneous nodules
50
Q

Cardiac symptoms 7-10 days after a viral illness indicates what condition?

A

Myocarditis

51
Q

Fever, fatigue, myalgias, pharyngitis, dyspnea, lymphadnopathy, nausea and vomiting all reflect what in relation to myocarditis?

A

They are early signs/symptoms

52
Q

What are the late signs and symptoms of myocarditis?

A

Heart Failure, development of an S3 (ventricular gallop) heart sound, crackles, JVD, syncope, peripheral edema and angina.

53
Q

What drug would the nurse anticipate to give a patient with myocarditis?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Beta blockers
  • Anticoagulants
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
54
Q

What is the most common cardiac valve disorder?

A

Mitral valve prolapse

55
Q

What is the most common cause of aortic valve stenosis?

A

Age; it is an age-related degenerative change

56
Q

What actually causes the stenosis of the aortic valve?

A

Calcium deposits narrow the opening of the valve

57
Q

A “water-hammer” pulse may be seen in what condition?

A

Aortic valve regurgitation

58
Q

What are the two primary causes of tricuspid stenosis?

A

Rheumatic stenosis and IV drug users

59
Q

What is the primary cause of pulmonic stenosis?

A

Generally it is congenital

60
Q

What are the treatments indicated for heart failure?

A

Vasodilators, inotropes, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics and a low sodium diet

61
Q

What are the three types of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated, Hypertrophic and Restrictive

62
Q

What medical management is indicated for cardiomyopathy?

A

Diuretics, antihypertensives, antidysrhythmics, anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and sodium restriction

NUR 238 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions