Oxygenation Flashcards
Ventilation
The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs.
Perfusion
The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Work of breathing (WOB)
The effort required to expand and contract the lungs.
Inspiration
An active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta.
Expiration
Passive Process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs.
Surfactant
A chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing.
Atelectasis
Collapse of the alveoli.
Lung Volumes
Tidal-amt of air exhaled after normal inspiration
Residual-amt of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration.
Forced vital capacity-maximum amt of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration.
Pulmonary Circulation
Begins at the pulmonary artery, which receives poorly oxygenated blood from the right ventricle. Gas exchange occurs, oxygen rich blood then circulates to the left atrium. DRLL=Deoxygenated Right, Lungs Left.
Regulation of Respiration
Cerebral cortex
Compliance
The ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to intraalveolar pressure.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
CO2 diffuses into red blood cells and is rapidly hydrated into carbonic acid. The carbonic acid dissociates into Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. Hemoglobin buffers the hydrogen ion and the HCO3 diffuses in the plasma. Reduced hemoglobin combines with CO2, and the venous blood transports the majority of CO2 back to the lungs to be exhaled.
Cardiac Output (CO0
Stroke volume(SV) x Heart rate (HR)
Preload
The amt of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole .
afterload
the resistance to left ventricular ejection.
Contractility
The rate the heart contracts,
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat.
Manifestations of hyperventilation
rapid respirations, sighing breaths, numbness, tingling of hands/feet, light-headedness, loss of consciousness.
Manifestations of hypoventilation
mental status changes, dysrhythmias, potential cardiac arrest.
Manifestations of hypoxemia
cyanosis of the tongue, soft palate, and conjunctiva of the eye,
Disturbances in conduction
Electrical impulses that do not originate at the SA node (dysrhythmias)
altered cardiac output
Failure of the myocardium to eject sufficient volume to the systemic and pulmonary circulations occurs in heart failure (left sided affects lungs, right sided affects body)
impaired valvular function
Includes disease of the cardiac valve which causes either hardening (stenosis) or impaired closure (regurgitation) Causes murmurs.
myocardial ischemia
Supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient,. Results in angina pectoris or MI.
impaired tissue perfusion
not getting enough oxygen to tissues of the body,
Dyspnea
Difficult or uncomfortable breathing. (hypoxia)
Orthopnea
Person breaths easier while sitting or propped up.
5 manifestations that occur with alterations in Oxygenation
Activity intolerance, Decreased cardiac output, Fatigue, Impaired gas exchange, Impaired spontaneous ventilation.
Methods of O2 delivery
nasal cannula, o2 mask, Home o2, CPR
Nursing Interventions
proper positioning, deep breath and cough, humidification, hydration, nebulization, suctioning.
Safe O2 administration
must be prescribed, place oxygen in use sign up, keep 10 ft from open flames, secure cylinders so they don’t fall over.
