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c2 > oxygen, respiratory failure and oxygen therapy > Flashcards

oxygen, respiratory failure and oxygen therapy Flashcards

1
Q

what is PiO2?

A

partial pressure of inspired oxygen

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2
Q

what is PaO2?

A

partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

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3
Q

what is PAO2?

A

partial pressure of alveolar oxygen

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4
Q

what is FiO2?

A

fraction of inspired oxygen

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5
Q

what is ViO2?

A

volume of oxygen

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6
Q

what is R?

A

respiratory quotient

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7
Q

what is PaCO2?

A

partial pressure of CO2

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8
Q

what is VA?

A

alveolar ventilation

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9
Q

what is SVP?

A

saturated vapour pressure - measurement of amount of moisture in the air

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10
Q

what is the oxygen cascade?

A

the decrease in oxygen as it passes from the atmosphere into the body and into the arterial circulation.

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11
Q

what is the concentration of O2 in the air?

A

20.94%

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12
Q

what is tracheal gas?

A

PO2 after humidification

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13
Q

how do you calculate tracheal gas?

A

fractional concentration of oxygen in the dry gas phase x (barometric pressure – saturated vapor pressure)

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14
Q

what factors affect alveolar gas?

A
  • Hypo or ventilation
  • Oxygen consumption
  • CO2 production
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15
Q

what is the equation for alveolar gas?

A

PAO2 = dry barometric pressure x (FiO2 – VO2/ VA).

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16
Q

what is the normal PaO2?

A

13.6kPa

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17
Q

what determines the alveolar to arterial PO2 difference?

A

shunting

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18
Q

what is shunting?

A

an area of the lung that is perfused but not ventilated

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19
Q

what happens to shunting in disease?

A

in disease, the amount of shunting increases

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20
Q

what is the equation that shows the amount of oxygen delivered to the body in one minute?

A

(Hb) x Oxygen Saturation of Hb x 1.34 x CO.

1.34 is the oxygen binding capacity of Hb

21
Q

what is respiratory failure?

A

= Inadequate gas exchange, meaning that either PaO2 or PAO2 is not maintained at normal levels.

22
Q

why does oxygen decrease first in respiratory problems?

A

CO2 is easier to exchange than O2

23
Q

what are signs of respiratory failure?

A
  • signs of respiratory compensation
  • increased sympathetic tone
  • end-organ hypoxia
  • haemoglobin desaturation
  • CO2 retention
24
Q

what are signs of respiratory compensation?

A

tachypnoea, use of accessory muscles, nasal flaring, intercostal or suprasternal recession

25
Q

what are signs of increased sympathetic tone?

A

tachycardia, hypertension, sweating

26
Q

what are signs of end organ hypoxia?

A

altered mental status, bradycardia and hypotension (late)

27
Q

what are signs of haemoglobin desaturation?

A

cyanosis

28
Q

what are signs of CO2 retention?

A

flap

bounding pulse

29
Q

what is type 1 respiratory failure?

A

hypoxia only

30
Q

why does type 1 respiratory failure occur?

A

Occurs because of damage to lung tissues. Damage prevents adequate oxygenation of the blood but the normal lung is still sufficient to excrete CO2 made by tissue metabolism.

31
Q

name examples of type 1 respiratory failure

A
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Asthma
  • Pneumothorax
  • Pneumonia
  • Obesity
32
Q

what is type 2 respiratory failure

A

type 1 with fatigue; hypoxaemia and hypercapnia (PaO2 < 8 and PaCO2 > 6.5).

33
Q

name types of type 2 respiratory failure

A
  • Drug overdose  most common cause
  • Severe asthma (fish diagram)
  • Poisonings
  • Head/cervical cord injury.
34
Q

what are causes of hypoventilation?

A

brainstem, metabolic encephalopathy, depressant drugs, spinal cord, nerve root injury, nerve trauma, neuropathy, neuromuscular junction, respiratory muscles, airway obstruction, decreased lung or chest wall compliance

35
Q

what is the first line of treatment of respiratory failure?

A

oxygen

36
Q

what are indications of O2 therapy?

A
  • Respiratory failure
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Tachypnoea
  • Cyanosis
  • Hypotension
  • Metabolic acidosis
37
Q

what patients are given oxygen masks with nasal cannula?

A

patients with normal vital signs

38
Q

what patients are given face masks with reservoir bags and why?

A

patients in an emergency - higher O2 concentration

39
Q

when are venturi masks used?

A

controlled treatment in long term respiratory failure

40
Q

what are low flow masks?

A

nasal cannulase, face mask, mask with reservoir bag

41
Q

what are high flow masks?

A

Venturi masks: deliver O2 at a rate above peak IFR, deliver fixed concentration

42
Q

when should pulse oximetry be started?

A

should be started immediatel

43
Q

what is the critical threshold for pulse oximetry?

A

94%

44
Q

what is the purpose of arterial blood gases?

A

Used to keep the FiO2 (fraction of inspired O2) at a minimum required to achieve adequate O2

45
Q

why is oxygen toxic?

A

produces free radicals that can damage the body

46
Q

in how many COPD patients will the CO2 go up if given O2?

A

10%

47
Q

what treatment do you give if the CO2 retention isnt known?

A

o Start high flow of oxygen.
o Monitor for drowsiness.
o Check ABG after 30 minutes.

48
Q

what treatment is given if CO2 retention is known?

A

o Set up a controlled mask.
o Titrate for lowest possible O2.
o Measure ABG as soon as possible.
o Repeat ABG 30 minutes later.

49
Q

what is ventilation used for?

A
  • Not for hypoxia

* Used for hypercapnia (due to hypoventilation).

c2 (37 decks)

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