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c2 > chest x-rays > Flashcards

chest x-rays Flashcards

1
Q

what medium appears black on an x-ray?

A

air

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2
Q

what medium appears dark grey on an x-ray?

A

fat

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3
Q

what medium appears light grey on an x-ray?

A

soft tissue

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4
Q

what medium appears white on an x-ray?

A

bone/fluid

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5
Q

what medium appears bright white on an x-ray?

A

metal

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6
Q

what are the uses of x-rays?

A
  • Identify lung pathology e.g. fluid, infection, pneumothorax
  • Identify bowel pathology e.g. pneumoperitoneum
  • Identify foreign objects
  • Confirm placement of lines and tubes
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7
Q

how do you intepret an x-ray?

A
  • Details
  • RIPE
  • ABCDE
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8
Q

what details do you need to check on an x-ray?

A
  • Check patient ID
  • Check date/time of image
  • Any previous imaging?
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9
Q

what does RIPE stand for?

A
  • Rotation
  • Inspiration
  • Projection
  • Exposure
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10
Q

what do you look for in rotation?

A
  • Medial aspect of each clavicle in relation to the spinous process – should be equidistant
  • Spinous process vertically orientated against vertebral bodies
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11
Q

what do you check for in inspiration?

A
  • 5-6 anterior ribs

* Lung apices, costophrenic angles and lateral rib edges should be visible

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12
Q

how can you tell if an x-ray is AP or PA?

A

• If the scapula aren’t projected on the film it’s PA

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13
Q

what do you look for in exposure?

A
  • Left hemidiaphragm visible to the spine

* Vertebrae visible behind the heart

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14
Q

what does ABCDE stand for?

A
  • Airways
  • Breathing
  • Circulation
  • Diaphragm
  • Everything else
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15
Q

what do you check for with the airways?

A
  • Trachea and bronchi visible – branches at the carina

* Trachea passes down right hand side of aorta

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16
Q

how does an airway get pushed?

A

increase in volume or pressure on one side (ipsilateral) pushes it towards to the opposite (contralateral) side.

17
Q

what causes an airway to get pushed to one side?

A

Mass, Effusion, Tension pneumothorax

18
Q

how does an airway get pulled?

A

decrease in volume or pressure on one side (ipsilateral) pulls it towards to the same (ipsilateral) side.

19
Q

what causes an airway to be pulled?

A

collapse

20
Q

how is breathing described?

A

at zones on radiographs

21
Q

where should lung markings be visible?

A

should occupy entire field to thoracic wall

22
Q

when should pleura and pleural space be visible?

A

only in abnormality

23
Q

how should the diaphragm look?

A

higher on the right

24
Q

what things do you look for in “everything else”?

A
  • Bones – fractures, lesions
  • Tubes – ETT, NGT, CVC
  • Artificial valves
  • Pacemaker – usually left-sided
  • Thoracotomy wires
  • Soft tissue – effusion, haematoma, emphysema
25
Q

what are features of COPD?

A
  • Hyperinflation
  • Flattened hemidiaphragms
  • Bullae

c2 (37 decks)

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