heart failure Flashcards
what causes heart failure?
impaired cardiac function
what are the types of heart failure?
left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF)
what is the most common cause of heart failure?
coronary artery disease
how many patients die within a year of diagnosis?
30-40%
what are the causes of heart failure?
- Coronary artery disease
- Hypertension
- Cardiomyopathy
- Valvular heart disease
- Other causes
what are aggravating factors of heart failure?
- Cardiac arrhythmias (AF)
- Hypertension
- Anaemia
- Infections
how does heart failure present?
non-specific signs and symptoms
- shortness of breath
- ankle oedema
- fatigue
what causes shortness of breath?
o Anaemia o COPD o Obesity o Rheumatics o Deconditioning
what causes ankle oedema?
o Drainage problems VVs Vein harvesting DVT Lymphoedema o Postural effects o Drugs amlodipine
what can cause fatigue?
o Anaemia o Sleep disorders o Stress o Ageing o Childcare etc.
how does heart failure present on an ecg and what causes these signs?
- Inferior Q waves – may present bc of previous MI
- Anterior T wave + ectopics – pulmonary embolism, stenosis of coronary artery
- Left bundle branch block – shows left ventricular disease
how does congestive heart failure look on a CXR?
will have progressive pulmonary congestion (X-ray more sharp)
how does acute heart failure look on a CXR?
in acute HF the lungs will be flooded with fluid (oedema).
why is m-mode echocardiography useful?
• Provides monodimensional view of the heart.
o Allows for fine measurements of changes.
how does an m-mode echocardiography look in global LV dysfunction?
interventricular septum and posterior wall will hardly be moving