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Cellular Processes > Oxidative phosphorylation > Flashcards

Oxidative phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation what acts as proton carriers?

A

Reduced cofactors

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2
Q

What occurs at complex I?

A
  • electrons pass from NADH to Flavin mononucleotide
  • then to a series of FeS centres
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3
Q

What is complex I also known as?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

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4
Q

For 1 NADH how many H+ are pumped into the intermembrane space?

A

4

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5
Q

What protein makes up complex II?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

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6
Q

Outline the structure of succinate dehydrogenase

A
  • multi-subunit protein
  • Fe-S centres
  • Heme group
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7
Q

Where does FADH2 enter the respiratory chain?

A

Complex II

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8
Q

What is the purpose of ubiquinone?

A

It is a shuttle for electrons between complex I and II and complex III

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9
Q

What is the structure of ubiquinone?

A

Lipid soluble

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10
Q

What is the purpose of complex III?

A

Transfers electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome C

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11
Q

What is the structure of complex III?

A

Large membrane spanning multi-subunit complex

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12
Q

As electrons move through complex III how many H+ are pumped into the intermembrane space?

A

4H+

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13
Q

What are the electron transfer components in complex III?

A
  • Cytochrome b
  • Fe-S centres
  • Cytochrome C1
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14
Q

What prosthetic group do cytochromes contain?

A

Heme

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15
Q

What is the role of cytochrome c?

A

Shuttles electrons between complexes III and IV

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16
Q

What are the structures of cytochromes?

A
  • contain heme
  • soluble protein in intermembrane space
  • Small
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17
Q

Where is cytochrome c found?

A

the interembrane space

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18
Q

What protein is in the complex IV?

A

Cytochrome Oxidase

19
Q

What is the role of complex IV?

A

Transfers electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen, the result of which is reduction to water

20
Q

How many H+ are pumped into the intermembrane space by complex IV?

A

2 H+

21
Q

What are the electron transfer components of complex IV?

A
  • Cytochrome a
  • Cytochrome a3
  • 2 Copper atoms
22
Q

What is a standard redox potential?

A

The measure of the tendency of a redox couple to give up electrons

23
Q

What is a redox couple?

A

The oxidised and reduced forms of a component

24
Q

What does a more positive standard redox potential mean in terms of tendency to accept electrons?

A

More positive srp means greater tendency to accept electrons and smaller tendency to give up electrons

25
Q

What is the evidence that the respiratory chain and ATP synthase are separate systems linked by the proton motive force?

A
  • uncouplers dissipate the H+ gradient and abolish ATP synthesis
26
Q

Give an example of an uncoupler

A

2,4-DNP

27
Q

How does 2,4-DNP act as an uncoupler?

A

By providing a means for H+ to be shuttled across the membrane so there is no proton gradient

28
Q

What blocks complex IV?

A

CN- or CO

29
Q

Which complex does rotenone inhibit?

A

Complex I

30
Q

Which complex does antimycin A inhibit?

A

Complex III

31
Q

What does oligomycin inhibit?

A

ATP synthase

32
Q

How is ATP synthesised by ATP synthase?

A
  • H+ movement causes the protein stalk to rotate within the headgroup, changing the conformation of β subunits
  • β subunits bind ATP and Pi
33
Q

How is ATP released from the β subunits of ATP synthase?

A

By the H+ driven conformational change

34
Q

How does the movement of the γ subunit force a conformational change in the α and β subunits?

A

It is an asymmetric protein

35
Q

How many H+ are required to synthesize 1 ATP?

A

4

36
Q

How many ATPs are made from NADH oxidation?

A

2.5

37
Q

How many ATPs are made from FADH2 oxidation?

A

1

38
Q

How many ATP can be synthesized from 1 turn of the citric acid cycle?

A

10

39
Q

What does mitochondrial DNA code for?

A

13 subunits of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase

40
Q

What are the features of brown adipose tissue?

A

it contains many mitochondria and many small triacylglycerol droplets

41
Q

What protein does the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue contain lots of?

A

Thermogenin (UCP1)

42
Q

What is the purpose of UCP1?

A

It acts as a proton channel and short circuits the proton gradient

43
Q

Which hormone stimulates brown adipose tissue?

A

Noraderenaline

Cellular Processes (22 decks)

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