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Cellular Processes > Fatty Acid Oxidation > Flashcards

Fatty Acid Oxidation Flashcards

1
Q

What conformation are double bonds usually found?

A

Cis

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2
Q

When is oxidation of fats particularly important?

A
  • fasting/starving
  • ensurance exercise
  • neonatal fuel metabolism
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3
Q

What is the main storage form of fatty acids?

A

Triacylglycerol

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4
Q

How to free fatty acids bind to albumin?

A

Albumin has hydrophobic patches on the surface which allows fatty acids can be solublised

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5
Q

When is acetyl Co-A produced?

A
  • Protein oxidation
  • Carbohydrate oxidation
  • Alcohol oxidation
  • Fat oxidation
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6
Q

When is acetyl CoA used?

A
  • ketone body synthesis
  • oxidation in the citric acid cycle
  • Steroid synthesis
  • Fat synthesis
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7
Q

Where is acetyl Co-A produced?

A

The mitochondria

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8
Q

How are fatty acids transported into the mitochondria?

A

The carnitine shuttle

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9
Q

What reaction occurs to help trap fatty acids into the cell?

A

Fatty acid + ATP + CoA → Acyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate

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10
Q

Which enzymes are involved in the carnitine shuttle?

A
  • Translocase
  • Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)
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11
Q

What direction does carnitine move relative to acyl carnitine in the carnitine shuttle?

A

Carnitine moves in the opposite direction to acyl carnitine

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12
Q

The carnitine shuttle is specific to fatty acids which are how many carbons long?

A

18-24

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13
Q

Outline the steps in β-oxidation

A
  1. Acyl CoA dehydrogenase inserts a double bond between the alpha and beta carbon
  2. H2O is added across C=C
  3. Then the reduced beta carbon is converted to a ketone group
  4. Finally CoA is added onto the beta carbon
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14
Q

Why poison inhibits dehydrogenases in β-oxidation?

A

Hypoglycin

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15
Q

What is the overall reaction of the β-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA

A

palmitoyl-CoA + 7NAD+ + 7FAD + 7CoASH + 7H2O

↓

8 acetyl Co-A + 7NADH + 7FADH2 + 7H+

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16
Q

Why can’t very long chain fatty acids undergo β-oxidation?

A

They cannot get into the mitochondria as they are not a substrate of the carnitine shuttle

17
Q

Where does oxidation of very long chain fatty acids occur?

A

Peroxisomes

18
Q

What is a problem associated with build up in VLCFAs?

A

Neurological damage

19
Q

What is needed to oxidise unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Additional enzyme

20
Q

What is generated in oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids?

A

propionyl-CoA

21
Q

What is propionyl-CoA converted to so it can enter the citric acid cycle?

A

Succinyl-CoA

22
Q

What enzyme controls lipolysis of triacylglycerol?

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase

23
Q

Which chemical primarily determines the fate of fatty acids in cells?

A

Malonyl-CoA

24
Q

What is the effect of malonyl Co-A on the carnitine shuttle?

A

It inhibits the carnitine cycle

25
Q

How does the malonyl-CoA inhibit the carnitine cycle?

A

It inhibits CPT1

26
Q

What chemical ratio is beta oxidation sensitive to?

A

[NADH]/[NAD+]

27
Q

Where does ketogenesis occur?

A

The Liver

28
Q

Avaliability of what chemical does entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid depend on?

A

Oxaloacetate

29
Q

When does ketogenesis occur?

A

During starvation

30
Q

What happens to oxaloacetate in starvation?

A

It is used to gluconeogenesis

31
Q

What happens to acetyl-CoA during starvation?

A

It is diverted to ketone bodies

32
Q

Where in the liver does ketogenesis occur?

A

The mitochondria

33
Q

Where are ketone bodies used as fuels?

A

The mitochondria of the heart, muscle and brain

34
Q

Why can’t the liver use ketone bodies as fuel?

A

It lacks an important enzyme

35
Q

When does ketoacidosis occur?

A

If ketone body formation is greater than ketone body utilization

36
Q

What is the mechanism for the glucose sparing effect?

A
  • The increase in lipolysis liberates fatty acids from adipose
  • Fatty acid oxidation in muscle increases acetyl CoA
  • Increasing acetyl CoA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

Cellular Processes (22 decks)

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