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Cell Biology (1201) > β-oxidation of fatty acids > Flashcards

β-oxidation of fatty acids Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False, The only dietary nutrient in excess that can be converted to fatty acids are Carbohydrates.

A

False

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2
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis take place

A

Liver, lactating mammary glands, and to a lesser extent adipose tissue

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3
Q

How is the mitochondrial Acetyl CoA produced, in the de novo fatty acid synthesis, produced

A

oxidation of pyruvate

catabolism of fatty acids, ketone bodies, certain amino acids

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4
Q

What is the first step in the de novo fatty acid synthesis

A

transfer of acetate units from mitochondrial acetyl CoA to the cytosol

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5
Q

How does acetyl get into the mitochondrial cytosol

A

Translocation of citrate produced by the condensation of oxaloacetate (OAA) and acetyl CoA, where acetyl is attached to the citrate

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6
Q

Where is the energy for the carbon-to-carbon condensations in fatty acid synthesis supplied from

A

Carboxylation and then decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the cytosol

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7
Q

In the presence of which hormones are Acetyl CoA Carboxylase inactivated through its phosphorylation

A

glucagon, epinephrine

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8
Q

In the presence of which hormones are Acetyl CoA activated by dephosphorylation

A

insulin

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9
Q

What is the major pathway for the catabolism of fatty acids

A

mitochondrial pathway called β-oxidation

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10
Q

What are the main products of β-oxidation

A

Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2

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11
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts long fatty acid chains into its CoA derivative (Fatty Acyl CoA)

A

long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase (thiokinase)

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12
Q

What is the name of the specialized carrier that transports the long-chain acyl group from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix

A

Carnitine

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13
Q

What is the name of the rate-limiting transport pro- cess

A

carnitine shuttle

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14
Q

Where is the long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase located

A

outer mitochondrial membrane

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15
Q

The conversion of Fatty acid chains and CoA to Fatty Acyl CoA due to energy given off from the conversion ATP to AMP is considered what type of reaction?

A

Coupled Reaction

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16
Q

What enzyme is used in the transfer of the Acyl group from Fatty Acyl CoA to Carnitine

A

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1

Carnitine Acyl Transferase 1

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17
Q

What products are produced in the transfer of the Acyl group from Fatty Acyl CoA to Carnitine using Carnitine Acyl Transferase 1

A

CoA + Fatty Acyl Carnitine

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18
Q

What is transported into the mito- chondrial matrix in exchange for free carnitine by carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase.

A

Acylcarnitine

19
Q

What enzyme is used in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group from Fatty Acyl carnitine to CoA in the mitochondrial matrix, thus regenerating the free carnitine

A

Carnitine palmitoyltrans- ferase II (CPT-II, or CAT-II)

Carnitine Acyl Transferase 2

20
Q

Carnitine is found mainly in what type of products

A

Meat

21
Q

What type of muscle contains majority of the body’s carnitine

A

Skeletal

22
Q

Carnitine can be synthesised from the amino acids lysine and methionine by the enzymatic pathway found in which two organs

A

Kidney and Liver

23
Q

Two ways in which Carnitine is formed in the body

A

Uptake of carnitine provided by endogenous synthesis or the diet

24
Q

What are the two stages in β-oxidation of fatty acids.

A

1st: Removal of successive 2 Carbon units
2nd: Acetyl CoA oxidised to CO2 + H20

25
Q

What type of reaction first starts the β- oxidation process in the matrix of the mitochondria

A

Dehydrogenation

26
Q

What compound first starts the β- oxidation process in the matrix of the mitochondria

A

β-Carbon (3), α-Carbon (2)- Fatty Acyl CoA

27
Q

Which enzyme facilitates the production of Enoyl CoA (2 trans), from Fatty Acyl CoA

A

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenases

28
Q

What oxidising agent facilitates the production of Enoyl CoA (2 trans), from Fatty Acyl CoA

A

Fad+ to FADH2

29
Q

What reaction is involved in the second step of the β- oxidation process

A

Hydration

30
Q

What compound starts the 2nd step in the β- oxidation process

A

Enoyl CoA (2 trans)

31
Q

What is the end product when H20 is added to Enoyl CoA (2 trans)

A

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA

32
Q

What enzyme facilitates the hydration reaction in the second step

A

Enoyl CoA hydratase

33
Q

What enzyme facilitates the production of 3-Ketoacyl CoA from 3-hydroxyacyl CoA

A

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase

34
Q

What oxidising agent facilitates the production of 3-Ketoacyl CoA from 3-hydroxyacyl CoA

A

Nad+

35
Q

What type of reaction is the 3rd step in β- oxidation process

A

Dehydrogenation

36
Q

What compound starts the 4th step in the β- oxidation process

A

3-Ketoacyl CoA

37
Q

What enzyme is used in the 4th step in the β- oxidation process

A

β-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase

38
Q

What compound is involved in the synthesis of fatty acyl CoA and Acetyl CoA in the final step of the β-oxidation of fatty acyl CoA

A

CoA

39
Q

What drug interrupt the active transport metabolic pathway

A

Amytal

40
Q

At what level is CO2 released

A

Citric Acid Cycle

41
Q

At what level is H2O released

A

Electron transfer chain

42
Q

Differences between fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation

A

Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol while β-oxidation occurs in mitochondria
Fatty acid synthase is the only enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis while in β-oxidation many enzymes are involved
NAD is the oxidising agent in β-oxidation while NADP is the oxidising agent in fatty acid synthesis

43
Q

The synthesis of what compound has similar pathways as β-oxidation of fatty acyl CoA

A

Cholesterol synthesis

44
Q

What is one of the main compound involved in the electron transport chain

A

Ubiquitine

Cell Biology (1201) (5 decks)

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